Papers of John Adams, volume 18
The Envoy from Portugal, has received from his Court an Answer to his Dispatches relative to the Treaty with the United States, and the enclosed Extract from it, which has been delayed sometime by the Sickness of the Chevalier de Freire, the Portuguese Secretary of Legation,1 this Minister did me the Honour to deliver to me two days ago, with his request that it might be transmitted to Congress. at the Same time he delivered me the enclosed State of the Trade between the United States and Portugal the last Year.2
When Mr Jefferson arrives We Shall endeavour to finish this Business.
The Proposition of Sending and receiving a Minister has been many times made before.— Congress will no doubt answer this which is now made formally and officially. The Regard which is due from one sovereign to another, and indeed common Decency seems
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to require it. to refuse it would be thought Surprizing. indeed according to all the Rules of Politeness between Nations and sovereigns, it ought to be left to the Option of her most faithfull Majesty to Send what Species of public Minister She shall judge proper, and Assurances should be given of the most amicable Disposition of Congress to receive him with all the respect due to his sovereign and to send a Minister to her Majesty of equal Rank. Character.
The United States are at this moment Suffering Severely for Want of an equitable Adjustment of their Affairs with the Powers of Europe, and Affrica which can never be accomplished, but by conforming to the Usages established in the World.
If the United States would come to the Resolution to prohibit all foreign Vessells from coming to their Ports, and confine all Exports and Imports to their own Ships and seamen they would do, for any thing that I know, the wisest Thing which human Prudence could dictate. But then the Consequence would be obvious. They must give up the most of their Commerce, and live by their Agriculture. in this Case They might recall their Ministers and Send no more.
On the other Hand, if the United States would adopt the Principle of the French Œconomists, and allow the Ships and Merchants of all Nations equal Priviledges with their own Citizens, they need not give themselves any further Trouble about Treaties or Ambassadors. The Consequence nevertheless would be the Sudden Annihilation of all their Manufactures and Navigation; We should have the most luxurious set of Farmers that ever existed, and Should not be able to defend our sea Coast against the Insults of a Pirate.
As these are two Extreams that We know Americans will never consent to, We must vindicate our own Manufactures and Navigation, by Legislation at home and Negotiation abroad, and therefore, the Prejudi[ces] against Exchanges of Public Ministers Will be found Some of the most pernicious that ever have arisen among American Citizens. Laws at home must be made in Conformity to the State of Affairs abroad, which can never be known to Congress but by Ambassaders.
With great Respect I have the / Honour to be, Sir your most obedient / and most humble servant
RC and enclosures (PCC, No. 84, VI, f. 127–140); internal address: “His Excellency / John Jay Esq.”; notation: “Copy.” LbC (Adams Papers); APM Reel 112. Text lost due to a tight binding has been supplied from the LbC.
Ciprião Ribeiro, the Chevalier de Freire, was the Portuguese chargé d’affaires in London, and he would later serve as Portuguese minister to the United States (
AFC
, 8:368).
On 24 Feb., JA received an extract from a 4 Jan. letter from Martinho de Melo e Castro, the Portuguese secretary of state, to the Chevalier Pinto de Balsamão, which JA copied and enclosed here. It concerned the ongoing Portuguese-American commercial negotiations. Melo e Castro instructed Pinto de Balsamão to protect the Portuguese flour and grain trade, and he expressed concern that the Pennsylvania and South Carolina legislatures had recently raised duties on Portuguese wine and fruit. With the extract were two lists, both copied by JA, one indicating the number of North American vessels trading with Portugal and the other the number of Portuguese vessels trading with North America. The extract from the Melo e Castro letter and the two lists are in the Adams Papers at 25 April and were filmed at that date. For an English translation of the enclosures, see
Dipl. Corr., 1783–1789
, 2:575–578. See also Proposed Portuguese-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce, [April 25], Editorial Note, below.
Congress’ dispatch book indicates that JA’s letter and the report on Portuguese-American trade were read in Congress on 15 May (PCC, No. 185, 3:162;
JCC
, 30:267).
At the last Conferences, as they call here what is understood in Paris by Ambassadors Days the Marquis of Carmarthen was pleased to make an Apology for not having yet answered the Memorial requiring the Evacuation of the Posts.1 “It would Sound oddly to Say that he had delayed his Answer, to prevent Delays, but it was true. He had drawn up his answer, but as he was obliged to Say Something, concerning the old Debts, he had been obliged to wait for a little further Information, that he might State in one View all the Acts of the Assemblies which had interposed Impediments.”— As this is some kind of Respect to the Memorial, it ought to be communicated to Congress as no doubt it was intended And expected, that it should be.
The publick Prints will inform you, that the Newfoundland Bill and the American Intercourse Bill is revived. it would be sufficient to convince every American what the system is, to say that Mr Jenkinson was the Member of Administration and the House of Commons, Selected to conduct this Business. comparing his well known Character with what he Said, You will believe that the same Men and the same Principles which have governed this Nation in their Conduct towards America these twenty Years, prevail to this hour as far as the Circumstances will admit; and that Mr Pitt is either a convert to their sentiments, or is only an Ostensible Minister.2
It remains with the States to determine what Measures they will take to discourage a Commerce the most impoverishing and ruinous, that can be imagined, to promote a more beneficial Intercourse with the rest of Europe, and to support their own Manufactures and 187 navigation, for on Such Measures alone can they have any Dependence, in future.
With Sincere Esteem I have the Honor / to be, sir your most obedient / and most humble servant
RC (PCC, No. 84, VI, f. 142–144); internal address: “His Excellency John Jay / Secretary of State for the / Department of foreign Affairs.” LbC (Adams Papers); APM Reel 112.
For JA’s [30 Nov. 1785] memorial to the Marquis of Carmarthen on the frontier posts, see vol. 17:624–625. Carmarthen’s reply was of 28 Feb. 1786, below.
For British renewal of the Newfoundland Trade Bill, see JA’s 26 Jan. letter to Samuel Adams, and note 2, above.
Although JA refers to it as the American Intercourse Bill in 1783, in fact it was the 1783 American Manifest Act that was renewed for another year. The Fox-North coalition proposed the American Intercourse Bill in 1783 to liberalize Anglo-American trade, but it was unable to obtain parliamentary approval and replaced the bill with the American Manifest Act, which ceded to the Privy Council regulation of trade with the United States (vols. 14:333; 15:33–34).
In his speech of 17 Feb. 1786, Charles Jenkinson, newly appointed president of the reconstituted Council for Trade and Plantations, criticized the “most uncertain state” and “very strange and doubtful restrictions” of American trade. Jenkinson was presumably upset because the Manifest Act effectively gutted the powers of the Council. Nevertheless, he advised prudence until Britain “saw that the United States brought forth some steady system with regard to our commerce” (London Morning Post and Daily Advertiser, 18 Feb.).