Papers of John Adams, volume 21
eAoust 1794
J’ai l’honneur de vous adresser le Duplicata de trois
Depeches que je vous ai expédiées le 23e Ct par la Minerve.1 Celles ci ne contiennent rien de
nouveau si ce n’est les deux dernieres pages du No 1 qui annoncent les nouvelles ultérieures de Geneve.2 Ce n’est plus une Révolution
passagere qui s’y promesse: C’est une fureur destructive qui semble
particulierement menacer les lettres & les sciences et surtout nos
établissements Religieux & Académique; comme si aux yeux de ces
Révolutionaires non moins aveugles que feroces, notre Académie; qui avait
versé tant de prospérités sur Geneve, était devenue tout à coup ainsi que la
Religion une institution Aristocratique!
Ces nouvelles desastreuses m’attachent de plus en plus au
projet que je vous ai soumis Monsieur, et m’en prouve toujours davantage la
praticabilité de la part des Genevois, si l’Amérique de son coté consent au
sacrifice nécessaire à son succès.3 Cependant j’ignore absolument si
elle voudra s’y préter, je ne dis point en considération de l’industrie
& des Capitaux qu’y porteraient nos Colons; mais en contemplation de nos
malheurs, & surtout en contemplation faveur d’une circonstance aussi extraordinaire et
aussi nouvelle que la transplantation d’une Université.
La dot que je réclame pour refonder la notre, paraitra peut etre énorme: Mais si l’on considere que dans les circonstances où nous nous trouvons, il faut pour assurer le succès meme de sa transplantation; lui donner dès son origine toute l’extension dont elle est capable; si l’on observe qu’il serait également facile & important de lui 307 associer un College à part pour l’éducation des enfans des deux sexes les plus pauvres, college qui devrait etre par conséquent gratuit comme chez nous, pour tout ce qui tient aux secours dinstruction élementaire; on comprendra combien la somme que je sollicite est tout à la fois modique & indispensable. Elle l’est tellement à mes yeux, que sans l’obtention de quelque patrimoine pareil, je ne saurais prendre sur moi de conseiller une transplantation aussi hazardeuse à notre Colonie Académique: Et c’est cependant celle ci qui doit etre le noyeau & assurer les succès de notre Colonie agricole & commerciale.
Tous les divers appercus que j’ai été à meme de rassembler de si loin, me porteraient à croire Monsieur, que le voisinage plus ou moins rapproché de la ville fœdérative serait peut etre la situation qui conviendrait le mieux à notre établissement, puisqu’il pourrait s’y marier admirablement à celui de la Capitale naissante, & etre d’une égale utilité soit à la Province de Mary Land, soit à celle de Virginie. Dailleurs, s’il est vrai que celle ci soit à la recherche des moyens de multiplier ses instituts d’éducation publique, il semble qu’elle pourrait trouver en meme tems dans l’adoption du notre, de quoi suppléer dans son propre sein à l’éducation étrangere & dispendieuse qu’une partie de sa jeunesse vient chercher sur notre Continent.
La richesse de cette derniere Province semblerait offrir en outre un moyen de plus pour le succès prompt & complet de notre Négociation, en lui facilitant davantage; soit le don des terres qu’elle peut encore posséder, soit l’appropriation de tout autre revenu quelconque annuel & suffisant. si vous en jugiez comme moi Monsieur, personne ne serait sans doute plus à meme de préparer ce succès et de l’assurer que S. E. le General Washington & Mr Jefferson auxquels je vous prie de vouloir bien communiquer mes Dépeches à cet effet, en leur présentant mes respects.
Agreez l’expression de celui avec lequel j’ai l’honneur d’etre, Monsieur / Votre tres humble / & tres obéissant serviteur
TRANSLATION
I have the honor of addressing the duplicates of three
dispatches to you which I sent to you on the 23rd by the Minerva.
1 They do not contain anything new
besides the two final pages of the first one which report the latest news
from Geneva.2 It is no longer
just a transient revolution they have in 308 store
there. It is a destructive fury that appears to threaten particularly the
humanities and sciences and, above all, our religious and academic
institutions. As though from the point of view of these revolutionaries, no
less blind than bloodthirsty, our academy, which has showered Geneva with
good fortune, had, along with religion, suddenly become an aristocratic
institution!
This disastrous news has me wedded more and more to the project I submitted to you, sir, and renders its feasability in what concerns the Genevans ever more manifest to me if America in its turn accepts the sacrifice necessary for its success.3 Yet I am completely ignorant whether she will want to lend herself to it, not, I say, for the sake of the industry and capital which our settlers would bring, but in regard to our misfortunes, and above all, to promote an undertaking as extraordinary and as novel as the transplant of a university.
The endowment I request to reestablish it may seem enormous. But if one considers that in the circumstances in which we now find ourselves, we must, from its inception, give it all of the breadth of which it is capable to guarantee the very success of its resettlement; if one observes that it would be just as easy and important to join a separate school to it for the education of the poorest children of both sexes, a school which would consequently need to be free as it is for us in all that concerns the assistance of primary instruction; one will understand how modest and at the same time indispensable is the sum I solicit. It seems so indeed from my view that I would not be able to recommmend such a hazardous enterprise to our academic colony without securing assets of a comparable sum. And it is nevertheless this academic colony which must be our nucleus to insure the success of our agricultural and commercial colony.
All of the various insights which it was in my power to gather from so far away would lead me to believe, sir, that a greater or lesser proximity to the federal city would perhaps be the most appropriate location for our establishment, so that it could blend admirably well with that of the nascent capital, and be of equal utility either to the province of Maryland or to that of Virginia. Besides, if it is true that the latter is seeking means to increase the number of its institutions of public education, it appears that by adopting our colony, she could find something to compensate, at the same time and in her own bosom, for the spendthrift education overseas that a portion of her youth comes to seek on our continent.
The wealth of this latter province would seem moreover to offer an additional means for the prompt and complete success of our negotiations by easing them all the more; either by gift of lands which she may still possess, or by appropriation of any other sufficient annual revenue. If you conclude as I do, sir, surely no one would be as well suited to prepare the ground for this outcome and to insure it than his excellency General Washington and Mr. Jefferson to whom I pray you willingly communicate my dispatches to this effect, and present my respects.
Pray accept the expression of that with which I have the honor to be, sir, your most humble and most obedient servant
RC and enclosures (Adams Papers); internal address: “A son
Excel. Mr J. Adams Vice Président du Congres—&.”; docketed by
JA: “D’Ivernois / Answered Mr D’Ivernois / 26 April 1795.”
D’Ivernois enclosed three letters, all dated 22
August. One letter, composed in French and described as “Duplicata,”
observed that four years had passed since he last wrote to
JA, and it raised the possibility of relocating the
University of Geneva to the United States. Another letter, labeled “No 1. Duplicata,” closely matched a passage
in his forthcoming Short Account of the Late
Revolution in Geneva; and of the Conduct of France towards that
Republic, from October 1792, to October 1794, London, 1795, p.
1–33, a copy of which is in JA’s library at MB. A third letter, also
in English and labeled “No 2d
Duplicata,” detailed d’Ivernois’ plan to
transfer the university, listing curricula and faculty (
Catalogue of JA’s Library
).
Genevans who supported the French Revolution invited
d’Ivernois to bolster their bid for political equality in the city in
Nov. 1792, but he refused. When widespread riots broke out on 3 Dec. and
the city government fell, d’Ivernois fled to London. In his enclosure,
d’Ivernois described the scenes of chaos that arose in July 1794, when
economic strain, widespread unemployment, and political upheaval led to
a short Reign of Terror. Just as French revolutionaries had done in
Paris, a Swiss revolutionary tribunal was established; it issued 94
decrees of banishment and 37 death sentences. A second tribunal carried
on the work, variously indicting citizens on charges of aristocracy and
anarchy. By 1795, the violence had abated and Genevans struggled to
implement their new constitution, which followed the French model (Otto
Karmin, Sir Francis D’Ivernois, 1757–1842, sa
vie, son œuvre et son temps, Geneva, Switzerland, 1920, p. 229;
R. R. Palmer, The Age of the Democratic
Revolution: A Political History of Europe and America,
1760–1800, repr. Princeton, N.J., 2014, p. 668).
In the “No. 2d
Duplicata” d’Ivernois opined: “Geneva is
lost beyond resource; and that its convulsions will last as long as the
great political drama which now agitates Europe.” He recommended that
Genevans should immigrate to the United States, and he asked
JA to solicit the support of George Washington and
Thomas Jefferson in their relocation. For JA’s efforts on
d’Ivernois’ behalf, see his letters to Jefferson of 21 Nov. 1794 and 5 Feb. 1795, as
well as Washington’s reply of 15 Nov. 1794, all below.
r:Stockdale
r:1794.
I embrace with pleasure the opportunity by my Sons of presenting you many thanks for your kind Letter1 and obliging present, of an elegant sett of your new edition of the history of Republic’s
I know not whether experience of the evils, physical, moral & political of simple Governments, will recommend to the public my poor speculations in favor of mixed forms, so as to give you a profit by the sale of the Book; but I know the Devil ought to have mankind, if they do not soon put a stop to the progress of Cleon’s & Clodius’s, Rienzi’s & wat Tyler’s.2
I have written since I came to America, Discourses on Davila; you may make another volume of them, if you will, under the same Title with the other three.
With compliments to your / Family, I am your / Friend
& Sert:
LbC in TBA’s hand (Adams Papers); APM Reel 116.
Of 3 March, above.
JA grouped together the ancient Greek
politician Cleon, Roman tribune Publius Clodius Pulcher, medieval
politician Cola di Rienzo, and English rebel leader Wat Tyler. Writing
to CA a day earlier, JA listed Cleon and
Clodius as “popular Destroyers of Republicanism” and described di Rienzo
and Tyler as “Heroes of democratical Memory” (
AFC
, 10:229–230).