Papers of John Adams, volume 21

Thomas Brand Hollis to John Adams, 26 August 1794 Hollis, Thomas Brand Adams, John
From Thomas Brand Hollis
Dear Sir The Hide Aug 26. 1794

I am desired by Mr J Cartwright, whom I beleive you know by his writings, a firm honest & inflexible man in the cause of Freedom & a sincere friend to the true interests of America, by him I am requested to introduce two young men to some persons in America it 305 occurred to me that your disposition & situation in life might be of service to them. Mark & Robert Denison. Their Father “Mr Denison is concerned in a large cotton manufactury at Nottingham: a large cotton mill of his has been infamously attempted to have been destroyed this event & I beleive the general complexion of things in this country have determin’d Mr Denison to remove his whole family to America whither his two eldest sons, Mark & Robert are now about to embark on board a ship from London: They proceed to Philadelphia & thence in the spring to Baltimore New york & Boston. in order to look out for an eligible situation for their future establishment.”1

major Cartwright assures me it is a family among whom he knows not an individual but is worthy of esteem & affection they are persons of considerable property & the circumstance of their fleeing from this country to take refuge in America is a practical comment on the two governments which he saies [“]places them in a just light.”

“Mr Denison carries on the hosiery trade at Nottingham to a large extent as manufacturer & merchant & his two eldest sons have been with him ever since they completed their education. they are a very valuable & virtuous family amongst whom as much affection & concord is to be observed as perhaps in any family in this Island. The mother is a most sensible & amiable woman but suffers extremely from ill health”

you will observe the account of this deserving family is from Mr Cartwright & he is to be depended on therefore from their worth I wish your protection & encouragement which I shall esteem a favor & obligation. I need not remind you that America is the only Asylum but it is to be hoped it will not long stand alone profit therefore of the times.

I cannot write more at present being streigthend as this must be sent directly away.

hoping you are well in health & that my amiable friend mrs Adams has recover’d hers

I remain Dear Sir / with great regard / yours very sincerely

T Brand Hollis.2

Robertspierre is taken of & the Nation is Quiet & active.3

RC (Adams Papers).

1.

John Cartwright (1740–1824) was a political reformer from Marnham, England. JA was familiar with his major work, The People’s Barrier against Undue Influence and Corruption, London, 1780. The eldest sons of Robert Denison Sr. (1745–1826), Robert Jr. and Mark, 306 were en route to visit the United States (vol. 9:399; DNB ; John F. Sutton, The Date-Book of Remarkable and Memorable Events Connected with Nottingham and Its Neighbourhood, 1750–1850, London, 1852, p. 211).

2.

This is Hollis’ last extant letter to the Adamses. The British antiquarian died in 1804. Three years later, his heir Rev. John Disney contacted JA regarding publication of their correspondence, and JA replied: “Had not the French Revolution prevented; you would have found a more numerous Collection of Letters from me to Mr. Hollis.— That terrible event and the furious spirit of Party which it diffused through, rendered all Correspondence useless and in my situation dangerous both to me and my Friend” (vol. 19:251; from Disney, 24 Aug. 1807, Adams Papers; to Disney, 9 Nov., LbC, APM Reel 118).

3.

On 27–28 July 1794 (An. II, 9–10 thermidor) French Jacobin leaders, including Maximilien Robespierre, were violently overthrown by the National Convention. Robespierre’s manipulation of the Terror, which targeted former allies within the Paris Commune, led the Jacobins to sacrifice the small amount of power they had wielded in the National Convention. Along with 82 other Jacobin leaders, Robespierre was arrested and guillotined, ushering in the Thermidorian regime ( AFC , 10:xiv–xv; Bosher, French Rev. , p. xxi, 202, 203).

François d’Ivernois to John Adams, 30 August 1794 Ivernois, François d’ Adams, John
From François d’Ivernois
Monsieur Londres ce 30e Aoust 1794

J’ai l’honneur de vous adresser le Duplicata de trois Depeches que je vous ai expédiées le 23e Ct par la Minerve.1 Celles ci ne contiennent rien de nouveau si ce n’est les deux dernieres pages du No 1 qui annoncent les nouvelles ultérieures de Geneve.2 Ce n’est plus une Révolution passagere qui s’y promesse: C’est une fureur destructive qui semble particulierement menacer les lettres & les sciences et surtout nos établissements Religieux & Académique; comme si aux yeux de ces Révolutionaires non moins aveugles que feroces, notre Académie; qui avait versé tant de prospérités sur Geneve, était devenue tout à coup ainsi que la Religion une institution Aristocratique!

Ces nouvelles desastreuses m’attachent de plus en plus au projet que je vous ai soumis Monsieur, et m’en prouve toujours davantage la praticabilité de la part des Genevois, si l’Amérique de son coté consent au sacrifice nécessaire à son succès.3 Cependant j’ignore absolument si elle voudra s’y préter, je ne dis point en considération de l’industrie & des Capitaux qu’y porteraient nos Colons; mais en contemplation de nos malheurs, & surtout en contemplation faveur d’une circonstance aussi extraordinaire et aussi nouvelle que la transplantation d’une Université.

La dot que je réclame pour refonder la notre, paraitra peut etre énorme: Mais si l’on considere que dans les circonstances où nous nous trouvons, il faut pour assurer le succès meme de sa transplantation; lui donner dès son origine toute l’extension dont elle est capable; si l’on observe qu’il serait également facile & important de lui 307 associer un College à part pour l’éducation des enfans des deux sexes les plus pauvres, college qui devrait etre par conséquent gratuit comme chez nous, pour tout ce qui tient aux secours dinstruction élementaire; on comprendra combien la somme que je sollicite est tout à la fois modique & indispensable. Elle l’est tellement à mes yeux, que sans l’obtention de quelque patrimoine pareil, je ne saurais prendre sur moi de conseiller une transplantation aussi hazardeuse à notre Colonie Académique: Et c’est cependant celle ci qui doit etre le noyeau & assurer les succès de notre Colonie agricole & commerciale.

Tous les divers appercus que j’ai été à meme de rassembler de si loin, me porteraient à croire Monsieur, que le voisinage plus ou moins rapproché de la ville fœdérative serait peut etre la situation qui conviendrait le mieux à notre établissement, puisqu’il pourrait s’y marier admirablement à celui de la Capitale naissante, & etre d’une égale utilité soit à la Province de Mary Land, soit à celle de Virginie. Dailleurs, s’il est vrai que celle ci soit à la recherche des moyens de multiplier ses instituts d’éducation publique, il semble qu’elle pourrait trouver en meme tems dans l’adoption du notre, de quoi suppléer dans son propre sein à l’éducation étrangere & dispendieuse qu’une partie de sa jeunesse vient chercher sur notre Continent.

La richesse de cette derniere Province semblerait offrir en outre un moyen de plus pour le succès prompt & complet de notre Négociation, en lui facilitant davantage; soit le don des terres qu’elle peut encore posséder, soit l’appropriation de tout autre revenu quelconque annuel & suffisant. si vous en jugiez comme moi Monsieur, personne ne serait sans doute plus à meme de préparer ce succès et de l’assurer que S. E. le General Washington & Mr Jefferson auxquels je vous prie de vouloir bien communiquer mes Dépeches à cet effet, en leur présentant mes respects.

Agreez l’expression de celui avec lequel j’ai l’honneur d’etre, Monsieur / Votre tres humble / & tres obéissant serviteur

F d’Ivernois
TRANSLATION
Sir London, 30 August 1794

I have the honor of addressing the duplicates of three dispatches to you which I sent to you on the 23rd by the Minerva. 1 They do not contain anything new besides the two final pages of the first one which report the latest news from Geneva.2 It is no longer just a transient revolution they have in 308 store there. It is a destructive fury that appears to threaten particularly the humanities and sciences and, above all, our religious and academic institutions. As though from the point of view of these revolutionaries, no less blind than bloodthirsty, our academy, which has showered Geneva with good fortune, had, along with religion, suddenly become an aristocratic institution!

This disastrous news has me wedded more and more to the project I submitted to you, sir, and renders its feasability in what concerns the Genevans ever more manifest to me if America in its turn accepts the sacrifice necessary for its success.3 Yet I am completely ignorant whether she will want to lend herself to it, not, I say, for the sake of the industry and capital which our settlers would bring, but in regard to our misfortunes, and above all, to promote an undertaking as extraordinary and as novel as the transplant of a university.

The endowment I request to reestablish it may seem enormous. But if one considers that in the circumstances in which we now find ourselves, we must, from its inception, give it all of the breadth of which it is capable to guarantee the very success of its resettlement; if one observes that it would be just as easy and important to join a separate school to it for the education of the poorest children of both sexes, a school which would consequently need to be free as it is for us in all that concerns the assistance of primary instruction; one will understand how modest and at the same time indispensable is the sum I solicit. It seems so indeed from my view that I would not be able to recommmend such a hazardous enterprise to our academic colony without securing assets of a comparable sum. And it is nevertheless this academic colony which must be our nucleus to insure the success of our agricultural and commercial colony.

All of the various insights which it was in my power to gather from so far away would lead me to believe, sir, that a greater or lesser proximity to the federal city would perhaps be the most appropriate location for our establishment, so that it could blend admirably well with that of the nascent capital, and be of equal utility either to the province of Maryland or to that of Virginia. Besides, if it is true that the latter is seeking means to increase the number of its institutions of public education, it appears that by adopting our colony, she could find something to compensate, at the same time and in her own bosom, for the spendthrift education overseas that a portion of her youth comes to seek on our continent.

The wealth of this latter province would seem moreover to offer an additional means for the prompt and complete success of our negotiations by easing them all the more; either by gift of lands which she may still possess, or by appropriation of any other sufficient annual revenue. If you conclude as I do, sir, surely no one would be as well suited to prepare the ground for this outcome and to insure it than his excellency General Washington and Mr. Jefferson to whom I pray you willingly communicate my dispatches to this effect, and present my respects.

Pray accept the expression of that with which I have the honor to be, sir, your most humble and most obedient servant

F d’Ivernois
309

RC and enclosures (Adams Papers); internal address: “A son Excel. Mr J. Adams Vice Président du Congres—&.”; docketed by JA: “D’Ivernois / Answered Mr D’Ivernois / 26 April 1795.”

1.

D’Ivernois enclosed three letters, all dated 22 August. One letter, composed in French and described as “Duplicata,” observed that four years had passed since he last wrote to JA, and it raised the possibility of relocating the University of Geneva to the United States. Another letter, labeled “No 1. Duplicata,” closely matched a passage in his forthcoming Short Account of the Late Revolution in Geneva; and of the Conduct of France towards that Republic, from October 1792, to October 1794, London, 1795, p. 1–33, a copy of which is in JA’s library at MB. A third letter, also in English and labeled “No 2d Duplicata,” detailed d’Ivernois’ plan to transfer the university, listing curricula and faculty ( Catalogue of JA’s Library ).

2.

Genevans who supported the French Revolution invited d’Ivernois to bolster their bid for political equality in the city in Nov. 1792, but he refused. When widespread riots broke out on 3 Dec. and the city government fell, d’Ivernois fled to London. In his enclosure, d’Ivernois described the scenes of chaos that arose in July 1794, when economic strain, widespread unemployment, and political upheaval led to a short Reign of Terror. Just as French revolutionaries had done in Paris, a Swiss revolutionary tribunal was established; it issued 94 decrees of banishment and 37 death sentences. A second tribunal carried on the work, variously indicting citizens on charges of aristocracy and anarchy. By 1795, the violence had abated and Genevans struggled to implement their new constitution, which followed the French model (Otto Karmin, Sir Francis D’Ivernois, 1757–1842, sa vie, son œuvre et son temps, Geneva, Switzerland, 1920, p. 229; R. R. Palmer, The Age of the Democratic Revolution: A Political History of Europe and America, 1760–1800, repr. Princeton, N.J., 2014, p. 668).

3.

In the “No. 2d Duplicata” d’Ivernois opined: “Geneva is lost beyond resource; and that its convulsions will last as long as the great political drama which now agitates Europe.” He recommended that Genevans should immigrate to the United States, and he asked JA to solicit the support of George Washington and Thomas Jefferson in their relocation. For JA’s efforts on d’Ivernois’ behalf, see his letters to Jefferson of 21 Nov. 1794 and 5 Feb. 1795, as well as Washington’s reply of 15 Nov. 1794, all below.