I have not presented a formal Memorial in the Name of our Sovereign concerning the Negroes carried off contrary to the Treaty, although it has been frequently and constantly, insisted upon with the British Ministry, for Several Reasons, one was a desire to confine the first Memorial to one point, the frontier Posts that the real Motives and Intensions of the Cabinet might be the more distinctly laid open to Congress. another Reason was the Frankness of Ministers to own in Conversation, that the Negroes must be paid for, as a clear Point. Another was, that time might be allowed to You Sir, to transmit me, the whole Amount & Evidence of the Claim, and lastly that I might have the explicit Instructions of Congress to demand Payment for the Negroes in Money, and especially at what Prices they Should be Stated.

By the Answer of Lord Carmathen to the Memorial of the 30th. of November, Congress will See, that the Detension of the Posts is attempted to be justified, by the Laws of certain States impeding the Course of Law for the recovery of old Debts &c. Were another Memorial to be now presented relative to the Negroes, the Same Answer would undoubtedly be given or more probably a reference only to that Answer.

It is my Duty to be explicit with my Country, and therefore I hope it will not be taken amiss, by any of my fellow Citizens, when they are told, that it is in vain to expect the Evacuation of Posts, or Payment for the Negroes, a Treaty of Commerce, or Restoration of Prizes, Payment of the Maryland or Rhode Island Demand, Compensation to the Boston Merchants, or any other relief of any kind, untill these Laws are all repealed. Nor will the Ministry ever agree to any Explanation concerning the Interest during the War, or Payments by Installments. The old Creditors have formed themselves into a Society, and have frequent Meetings, Send Committees to Mr Pitt and Lord Carmarthen, and I am well informed oppose even a Treaty of Commerce, upon this ground, and the Ministers know them to be so numerous, that they could raise a Clamour, a 314 Consideration which has always had more Weight at this Court and in Parliament than the Interest of America or the British Empire.

What then is to be done? The States it may be said will not repeal their Laws? if they do not, then let them give up all Expectations from this Court and Country, unless You can force them to do as you please by investing Congress with full Power to regulate the Trade.

I will run the Hazard, sir of all the Clamour that can be raised against me, by my Friends or by my Ennemies, if any Such there are, and of all the Consequences that can befall me, for writing my Sentiments freely to Congress, on a subject of this Importance. It will appear to all the World, with an ill grace, if We complain of Breaches of the Treaty, when the British Court have it in their Power to prove upon Us Breaches of the Same Treaty of greater Importance. My Advice then, if it is not impertinent to give it, is that every Law of every State, which concerns either Debts or Royalists,1 which can be impartially construed contrary to the Spirit of the Treaty of Peace, be immediately repealed, And the Debtors left to Settle with their Creditors, or dispute the Point of Interest at Law. I dont believe a Jury would give the Interest. I beg Leave to suggest another Thing, if Congress are themselves clear, that Interest during the War was no Part of that bona fide Debt which was intended by the Contracting Parties, they may declare so by a Resolution or the Legislatures of the Seperate States may declare So, and then the Courts of Justice, and the Juries will certainly give no Interest during the War. But even in this Case, those States who have few Debts and have made no Laws against the recovery of them will think it hard that they Should be Subjected to Dangers, by the conduct of Such as have many, and have made Laws inconsistent with the Treaty both respecting Debts and Tories. You will give me leave sir to Suggest another Idea. Suppose the States Should venture to do themselves Justice. for Example. suppose Maryland Should undertake to pay herself, for her Bank Stock, and Negroes, carried off, after the Treaty by accepting Security for it from her own Citizens who are Debtors to British subjects and giving Discharges to those Debtors or engaging to stand between them and the Claims of the Creditor. Suppose the Carolinas Virginia and all other States who had Negroes carried off after the Peace, should do the same. Suppose the Massachusetts Should make up the Losses of the Inhabitants of Boston in Goods carried off by General How in the same Way at least those of them who were promised Compensation by General How, for these are undoubtedly Creditors of the British 315 Government. Suppose farther that each state should undertake in the same Way to compensate, the owners of Vessells taken after the Commencement of the Armistice. I throw out these Hints as Possibilities and Speculations only, Sensible that they might open a Door to much Altercation. But I will not fail to add that I think it would be much Sounder Policy and nobler Spirit, to repeal at once every Law of every State which is in the smallest degree inconsistent with the Treaty, respecting either Debts or Tories, and am well perswaded that no Inconvenience would be felt from it. neither Law suits, nor Bankruptcies nor Imprisonments would be increased by it, on the Contrary the Credit and Commerce of all the states would be so increased, that the Debtors themselves in general would find their Burthens lighter.

With great Esteem, I have the Honour to be / sir your most obedient and humble / servant

During Such great Changes as We have seen When the whole World is put out of its Course and all Men are called to Act in scænes that are new to them, great Irregularities must be expected. But can any Nation ever hope to have Commerce and a Circulation of Property and Industry where the Courts of Justice are not opened. where every Man is not conscious that he can compell others to do him Justice, and be compelled to do Justice to others.

The Morals of the People of America have been proved to be defective, by many Inattentions to public Faith, more than by any other 316 Thing which has ever happened. They have suffered by it in their own Opinion more than in that of the World.

The Truth is that the Citizens of America have less confidence in one another, than the World has in them. What is the Reason of this? Breaches of public Faith.—

I hope they will soon restore themselves to their own Esteem as well as that of all Nations by repealing every Law against the Treaty & by making Provision for paying the Interest of all their Debts at home and abroad.

This is the first step, and it is essential. When this is done let them Act as decidedly towards Great Britain as they please. the more so the better.

My whole System is comprehended in two Words Faith and Retaliation. fulfill to a Tittle your Part of the Treaty, and then retaliate all their Prohibitions, Impositions and Restrictions.— in this Way We shall soon bring them as our Parsons pray “to Reason or to ruin.”— Europe is tranquil in Appearance, but Works are going on Under Ground & in covered Ways.

Pray desire our Friend Goodhue to send me next Fall or sooner, another Account of the Fisheries.1

We must I believe get into the Way of prohibiting the Export of Cash like other nations. We shall never have Industry and Employment, among our People till We do.—

My Respects and Love to all / your Brother