Papers of John Adams, volume 18

From John Adams to Granville Sharp, 8 March 1786 Adams, John Sharp, Granville

To Granville Sharp

Sir Grosvenor Square March 8th 1786—

I took the first opportunity to send your Present of Books to my friend the Marquis de la Fayette and have this Morning received the inclosed Letter for you from that Nobleman.1

Let me avail myself of this opportunity of presenting my thanks, for your obliging present of Books to me. you have merited the respect and Esteem of all Men amongst whom Liberty and Humanity are not disregarded by your writings, the Idea that Captives in War are slaves, is the foundation of the Misfortunes of the Negroes: this Principle is Honourd and admitted by all the Powers of Europe who pay Tribute to the states of Barbary— I expect that One Part of Africa will avenge upon my Fellow Citizens the Injury they do to another by purchaseing their Captives. Yet I presume We shall be compelled to follow the Base example of Submission and pay tributes or make Presents like the rest of Christians to the Mussulmen—

I wish you would take up the Whole of this African system and expose it all together, Never Never will the Slave Trade be abolished While Christians Princes abaise themselvs before the piratical Ensigns of Mahomet.

With great Esteem your Humble servt—

207

LbC in AA2’s hand (Adams Papers); internal address: “Mr Granvill Sharp / Old Jewry”; APM Reel 113.

With his 22 Feb. letter to JA , above, the Marquis de Lafayette enclosed one of the same date to Sharp, which JA forwarded to him. Lafayette thanked Sharp for the antislavery works sent by JA and expressed his hope that “while Circumstances Have Made us in Many Respects Superior to our Black Brethren, That We May Cease to Place ourselves Beneath Them in The Pursuit of This Disgraceful Trade” (Melvin D. Kennedy, Lafayette and Slavery: From His Letters to Thomas Clarkson and Granville Sharp, Easton, Penn., 1950, p. 29).

From John Adams to Benjamin Goodhue, 10 March 1786 Adams, John Goodhue, Benjamin

To Benjamin Goodhue

Sir Grosvenor Square Westminster March 10. 1786

Your kind Letter of 20 Decr. has much obliged me. The accurate States of the Mackarel, Cod and Whale Fisheries are very valuable Pieces of Information, and as long as I shall Stay in Europe I shall be happy to learn from you, from time to time the Progress of these valuable Branches of Commerce, and of all others in which our Country is interested.

We have Such Advantages over France & England both in our Situation, So near the Fishing Ground, and in Superiour skill, or brighter Skies, for curing the Fish; that We have it in our Power, to monopolize this Fishery by underselling all Competitors, at the Marketts of Spain Portugal and Italy. The Chevalier De Pinto, the Portuguese Ambassador at this Court has Said to me Several times that We have nothing to fear from the Rivalry of the English or French, for that our Fish was of a quality, so Superiour to theirs, that We should always have the Preference in the Lisbon Market, and command a superiour Price. To make the greatest Advantage of it, We must have Peace with the States of Barbary.— This will cost Us two hundred Thousand Pounds sterling at once. for that Sum I believe a perpetual Peace may be made with Morocco Algiers, Tunis & Tripoli. dont let our People deceive themselves, with notions of obtaining it at a cheaper rate, or of fighting the Rovers, or of carrying on their Commerce amidst a War with them. it will cost the Massachusetts alone, in Insurance, and Loss of Trade more Money every Year. The first Thing to be done is to convince Congress of the Necessity of giving as much Money, as will buy the Peace. the next is to get the Money. This I hope might be had in Holland.

Mr Nat. Barrett will convince you that a profitable Markett may be had in France for your Oil.— I am sorry, that the Bounty given by the General Court upon Oil is not larger. I would make it 18£: 3s a 208 Ton, the exact amount of the Alien Duty, and would in the same Act lay on Duties upon British Merchandizes the least necessary, and appropriate them expressly to the Payment of the Bounty, as long as the Alien Duty should be continued in England.

Our People must consider more and more the Efficacy of Bounties and Duties cooperating together, and must not be Sparing of them, when the support of Interests so important demand them. the English pay annually an hundred Thousand Pounds sterling in Bounties to their Greenland Whalemen. Every Seaman in that Fishery costs them thirteen Pounds sterling a Year.— The Same Bounties are given as I suppose to the Adventurers in the Sperma Cæti Fishery, with an Additional Bounty of 500£ to the ship which makes the greatest Voyage 400 to the 2d. 300 to the 3d. & 200 to the 4.1

The New England Fishermen, aided by much smaller Bounties from their Legislators, will find no difficulty in worming the English out of this Business.

Our Oil as well as Fish is acknowledged to be better than that of the English French or Dutch. This is a great Advantage. The State Should not hesitate at any Exertion or Expence, to support their Fishers, in a critical Moment, when a Blow is manifestly aimed at their Existence by a Rival.—

Navigation Acts must and will be made by all the thirteen States. Those who have already made them will I hope persevere with Constancy, and never cease to perswade the others till they all come in. The southern States must come in. without this they will not be able to procure ships to export their own Produce. The English while they, refuse to purchase our ready built ships cannot furnish them.

But the War with Barbary is the most essential Thing, to be now attended to. This hurts our Fisheries, ruins our carrying Trade and universally damps all our Commerce. at all Events We must have Treaties with those Powers. The English will only be worse and worse till this is done. I am sir / with great Respect your most obedient / and obliged humble servant

John Adams

RC (NNYSL); internal address: “The Hon. Benja Goodhue Esq.” LbC (Adams Papers); APM Reel 113.

The British 1783 alien duty on whale oil made it impossible for American whalers to sell their oil, regardless of quality, at a profit in Britain (vol. 16:15–16). But the bounty voted by the Mass. General Court in late 1785 did little to improve the situation, for it led to the production of far more oil than the market could handle (vol. 17:598; Dolin, 209 210 Leviathan, p. 169–170). There was also the British bounty on tonnage, which stood at forty shillings per ton, to consider. It is from that bounty that JA derives his figure of £100,000 for the total British expenditure.

Even in Britain, there was controversy over the cost of the bounties: the commissioners of customs wanted to end the bounties altogether, while the merchant-owners of the whaling vessels wanted them retained at the current amount. During the 12 April 1786 debate in the House of Commons over “An Act for the further Support and Encouragement of the Fisheries, carried on in the Greenland Seas and Davis’s Streights” (26 Geo. 3, ch. 41), Charles Jenkinson noted the conflict and indicated that in the past year expenditures on the whale fishery had amounted to £94,858. With additional ships being fitted out, the future cost would be £114,000, a sum Jenkinson thought worthy of attention. As a result, the new bill, adopted in mid-May, reduced the bounty to thirty shillings per ton, a reduction that Jenkinson believed would not effect the number of vessels employed ( Parliamentary Hist. , 25:1376–1377). For JA’s earlier comments on the bounties for the most successful voyages, see vol. 17:384. For more on the whaling industry, see Descriptive List of Illustrations, No. 2, above.