Papers of John Adams, volume 16

Luigi Pio to the American Commissioners, 22 January 1785 Pio, Luigi American Commissioners
Luigi Pio to the American Commissioners
Messieurs à Paris ce 22 janvier 1785.

Ayant eu lhonneur de mettre sous les yeux du Roi mon maître Votre lettre du 27 7bre. 17841 et Sa Majesté ayant fait mûrement éxaminer les propositions et les offres qu’elle contient, à l effet de l’engager à conclure avec les Etats unis un traité d’amitié et de commerce, m’a chargé de Vous assurer que rien ne peut lui faire un plus grand plaisir, puisqu’elle donne tous ses soins à l’agrandissement du commerce de son Royaume, tant intérieur qu’extérieur. C’est même dans cette Vue que sa Majesté a dernièrement ouvert et établi à Messine en sicile un port franc, dont toutes les nations sont invitées à profiter, avec d’autant plus d’assurance qu’elles y seront reçues et accueillies très favorablement, et certaines d’y jouir de toute sorte de priviléges et immûnités, comme l’édit à joint Vous le prouvera.2 Je Vous prie, Messieurs, De Vouloir bien ésaminer les avantages qui peuvent résulter pour Vos compatriotes en fréquentant ce nouveau port.

Je suis en outre chargé, Messieurs, de Vous faire au nom de sa Majesté, une déclaration formelle que tous les bâtimens marchands, avec pavillon des états unis, seront reçus à Messine avec les marques de la plus sincère amitié, et qu’ils y éprouveront les effets de la plus grande hospitalité; Que pareillement dans tous les autres 496 ports de sa domination, ils seront traités avec tous les égards possibles; qu’on Viendra toujours à leur secours, en leur fournissant tout ce dont ils auront besoin, et qu’ils auront la liberté d’y Commercer, tant sur les productions de leur pays que sur les marchandises provenantes de leurs manufactures et de celles des autres nations.

Le Tabac étant la partie la plus essentielle du commerce de l’Amérique, comme Vous m’avés fait l’honneur de me l’observer dans un de nos entretiens particuliers; je dois Vous prévenir, Messieurs, que cette plante est devenue maintenant dans les états du Roi mon maître un genre de commerce libre, par l’abolition de tous les droits auxquels elle était ci devant sujette. à l’égard des autres productions, Vous Aurés non seulement toute la liberté de les introduire dans ses états, et en aussi grande quantité que le porteront les demandes des Napolitains, mais encore celle d’y faire Venir pour le reste de l’Italie, du Levant et de toute autre contrée, la quantité de marchandises que selon Vos spéculations Vous jugerés nécessaire; que Vous jouirés des mêmes libertés et facilités pour exporter du Royaume de Sicile de l’huile, du Vin, des Soieries et toute autre production que les Siciles pourront vous fournir et qui seront pour Vous des objets d’utilité et d’agrément.

Le Roi mon maître n’a pas Voulu différer davantage à Vous donner, Messieurs, les marques les plus convaincantes du desir qu’il a d’avoir des liaisons avec les Etats unis, et à leur prouver sa bonne volonté a entrer le plutôt possible en relation de commerce avantageux pour les deux nations; se réservant sa Majesté de prendre telles delibérations et résolutions qu’il conviendra pour conclure dans toutes les formes un traité de commerce, Selon que Vous avez paru le desirer par Votre lettre.

En attendant que ma cour puisse éxaminer et peser mûrement tous les objets qui sont à régler dans un traité de cette nature, je crois, Messieurs, qu’il serait très avantageux aux Américains de commencer dès à présent à fréquenter les ports des Siciles, et particulièrement celui de Messine, Pour y établir toujours des relations de commerce, sur lesquelles on pourra ensuite stipuler plus précisément dans le traité à faire.

Permettez, Messieurs, que je Vous observe encore que pour établir et exercer un commerce de telle etendue qu’il soit, et dans tel pays que ce puisse être il n’est pas nécessaire d’être primitivement autorisé par un traité: il suffit que les étrangers y soient accueillis avec amitié et protégés par les loix et par le gouvernement. La preuve en est que toutes les nations qui font maintenant le 497 commerce le plus étendu dans les Siciles, tels que les Anglais, les Francais, les Génois, les Vénitiens, les Ragusiens, les hambourgeois, n’ont avec ma cour aucun traité de commerce; et quoiqu’il n’y ait entr’elle et la France qu’un commencement de traité, les Français n’en attendent point la conclusion, pour y faire un commerce des plus étendus et des plus avantageux.

J’ai l’honneur d’être avec la considération la plus / distinguée, / Messieurs, / Votre très humble / et très obeissant Serviteur

de Pio, chargé des Affaires du Roy de Naples
TRANSLATION
Gentlemen Paris, 22 January 1785

I had the honor of putting before my lord the king your letter of 27 September 17841 inviting him to conclude a treaty of amity and commerce with the United States. His Majesty, having maturely examined the proposals and offers that it contains, has authorized me to assure you that nothing would please him more, as he gives all his attention to increasing the trade of his kingdom, internal as well as external. It is with this same view that his majesty recently opened and established a free port at Messina in Sicily by which all nations are invited to profit, the more so with assurance that they will be received and welcomed there very favorably and will be certain to enjoy all sorts of privileges and immunities, as the enclosed edict will demonstrate to you.2 I ask you, gentlemen, please to examine the advantages that can result for your countrymen from frequenting this new port.

I am further charged, gentlemen, with making to you a formal declaration, in the name of His Majesty, that all merchant vessels under the flag of the United States will be received at Messina with marks of the most sincere friendship and impressions of the greatest hospitality, that they will be treated similarly in all the other ports under his dominion with all possible regard, that we will always come to their aid and furnish them with all that they might need, and that they will have liberty to trade produce of their own country as well as goods of their own manufacture and those of other nations.

Tobacco being the most essential part of American trade, as you did me the honor of observing during one of our private interviews, I must inform you, gentlemen, that this plant has now become in the dominions of my lord the king an item of free trade by the abolition of all duties to which it had previously been subject. With regard to other items of produce, you will have complete liberty not only to bring them into his dominions, and to do so in quantities as great as demand among Neapolitans will bear, but also to take merchandise from there to the rest of Italy, the Levant, and all other countries, in quantities that you, according to your own estimation, 498 judge necessary. You will enjoy the same liberties and ease in exporting from the kingdom of Sicily oil, wine, silks, and all other produce that the Sicilians can furnish to you and that you might find of use or appeal.

My lord the king did not want to delay any longer giving to you, gentlemen, the most convincing indications of his desire to have close connections with the United States and to prove to them his goodwill in entering as soon as possible into commercial relations advantageous to both nations, His Majesty reserving the right to take such decisions and resolutions as he sees fit in order to conclude with all due ceremony a treaty of commerce, as you seem to desire from your letter.

While waiting for my court to examine and weigh maturely all the objects to be settled in a treaty of this nature, I believe, gentlemen, that it would be very advantageous for Americans to begin from this moment to frequent the ports of Sicily, particularly that of Messina, in order to establish forever commercial relations, which we can afterwards stipulate more precisely in the treaty to be concluded.

Permit me, gentlemen, to observe to you as well that to establish and carry on commerce of whatever extent it may be and in whatever country it may be, it is not necessary for it to be authorized beforehand by a treaty; it is sufficient for foreigners to be greeted with friendship and protected by law and by government. The proof is that all the nations that now conduct the most extensive trade in the Sicilies, such as the English, the French, the Genoans, the Venetians, the Ragusans, the Hamburgers, have no treaty of commerce with my court. Between it and France there are only the beginnings of a treaty, but the French are not at all waiting for it to be concluded in order to conduct a most extensive and profitable trade there.

I have the honor of being with the greatest respect, gentlemen, your very humble and very obedient servant

de Pio, chargé d’affaires of the king of Naples

RC (PCC, No. 86, f. 89–92); endorsed: “Paris Janry 22. 1785 / from / Charge des Affairs of Naples / relating to a / treaty with the / Emperor of Morocco / containing Mr. Barclays / instructions”; notation: “Naples.”

1.

Pio means the commissioners’ letter of 22 Sept. 1784. That letter has not been found, but for a record of its dispatch, see the commissioners’ 9 Sept. letter to the Baron von Thulemeier, note 3, above. Pio acknowledged receiving the commissioners’ letter in his reply of 26 Sept. (Jefferson, Papers , 7:424).

2.

The enclosure has not been found.

James Warren to John Adams, 28 January 1785 Warren, James Adams, John
From James Warren
My dear Sir. Milton Jany: 28th: 1785—

I Received your favour of the 27th. August. sometime ago. & Intended before this to have wrote to you. but want of direct Conveyance. & some Other Circumstances have prevented.

I am very Glad to find my Friends so agreably situated at Auteuil. at the same time the preference given to the Hills of Penn. & 499 Neponsit give me An Additional pleasure. by Affording a prospect of once more seeing them in their Neighbourhood. I always feel your Mortification, when the reduction of your Salaries took place. the measure was unexpected. & astonishing. I had never heard of a proposal of the kind. & I Considered it. as a finess under the popular Masque of oeconomy to answer perticular purposes. which General. & good policy would not warrant. my Enquiries have Convinced me of the Justness of my own Sentiments. I suppose it originated from the then Premier. the King. or Grand Monarch of America. & was designed to get rid. of those Men who were Employed Abroad. & could not be brought into a support of foreign Measures. & those of the Aristocracy here. which were closely United. & made A Common Cause, in support of which the most refined Intrigue has been practised. & at Times. & in some Instances deceived. & duped some very good Men. I presume our Friend Gerry was in Opposition to this measure. because his Penetration. & rectitude has Always secured him against their Artifice. but this is Conjecture I have never heard the matter from him. but I hope this matter will be reconsidered. & all honest Men have Justice done them. Congress seems at present to be well disposed. they have got Clear of that sink of Corrupt Influence which so long Contaminated some of their Measures. and God be thanked. have substituted A Board of Treasury in the stead of the super Intendant of Finnance. An Office which made rapid strides to Dominion. & if the Cautious Wisdom of R. Island. by Negativeing the proposed Impost. had not prevented, would soon have found A King for us. and this Board too is Guarded by A rotation. that best if not only security (in this stage of Manners more perticularly)1 for public Liberty— Every thing that relates to the Movement of Congress. you will have more Compleately from the place of their residence than I can give You from here. In this place The System of Politics remains much as it has been. the same Imbecility. the same servility. & the same Inattention still prevail. & are likely to Continue. Money is the only Object Attended to. & the only Acquisition that Commands respect. Patriotism is ridiculed; Integrity & ability are of little Consequence Foreign Commerce has Extended itself beyond its Natural supports. & by its Extravagant Imports greatly Exceeding the Exports. drained off all the Money. Embarrassed itself. & every Other resource of the Country. while Luxury keeps pace with the manners of older. & more Affluent Countrys. some Check by the denial of Credit in Europe may give time to the riseing Fisheries. & other Staples of 500 the Country to form a Ballance to the Evils we now suffer. The Bank here has not been of any service to us. it has rather faciliated the Exportation of Money & Increased the Exorbitancy of Interest. or rather of Usury. which had before reached such a Stage of Enormity as would have disgraced the Jewish Usurers in any Country of the world. & must in a Short time. put An End both to Trade & the Cultivation of Lands.2 I am always happy to receive your Letters. & shall be obliged by any Informations of what is passing on the great Theatre of Europe. I shall readily Embrace any Oppertunity to Inform you of any thing you wish to know from here. & shall do it with the Fidelity of the Friendship I profess. Mrs. Warren Joins me in Compliments to you & Mrs. Adams. & in Love to Nabby. & her Brother. I am your / Friend & Humbl. Servt

J Warren. 29th.

our first Magistrate has this day made a formal Resignation. where we shall get another without A New Creation I Can’t tell.3

RC (Adams Papers); internal address: “His Excellency John Adams Esqr”; endorsed: “G. Warren 28. Jan. 1785.”

1.

Closing parenthesis editorially supplied.

2.

Presumably the Massachusetts Bank, which had been incorporated in Feb. 1784 ( AFC , 5:289).

3.

John Hancock announced his intention to resign on 29 Jan. 1785 but presented his resignation to and took his formal leave from the General Court on 18 February. Hancock’s stated reason for resigning was his failing health—he suffered from gout—but Massachusetts’ deteriorating political and economic conditions that resulted in Shays’ Rebellion also played a role. James Bowdoin replaced him and served until Hancock’s 1787 reelection in the aftermath of the rebellion (Paul D. Brandes, John Hancock’s Life and Speeches, Lanham, Md., 1996, p. 289–290, 292–294; Fowler, Baron of Beacon Hill , p. 258–259, 263–266).