Papers of John Adams, volume 10
1780-09-17
Last night Mr. Dana arrived here, from Paris and brought me your Favour of the 11. of July. You cannot imagine, Sir how much Pleasure, this Letter gave me. I shall make a good Use of this and every other authentic Information, in order to prevent the unfavourable Impressions, you are aware of.1 It has been my greatest Affliction Since I have been in Europe that I have had so seldom Letters from my friends, or Intelligence from America of any Kind. That Business which is every Bodeys, is never done. Most of the Letters I receive tell me, “you will be so fully informed, both officially, and by your other Friends, that I shall not trouble you with public Affairs.”2 And thus it is that I learn, nothing. My Friend Lovel, indeed remembers me, now and then, and considering his indefatigable Labours in other Things, is very good. Heaven reward him for his Virtues, Exertions and sufferings! And Earth too Say I!
General Greens Report, of Kniphausens Exploit is much admired in Europe. Yet I am almost wicked enough to wish that even my friend Green had been beaten, because his defeat would have insured the Captivity of Kniphausen and all his Banditti.
160The late Accounts from America, from all Quarters, have had a good Effect in Europe. And the Capture of 55 ships at once by the combined Fleets of France and Spain, with the Captures by Don Barcelo3 and that of the Quebec Fleet, have cast down the English Cause to such a degree, as to put them upon the compassionate List, even with some who detest their Tyranny.
You will not mistake this for a Promise or an Hope of Peace. This cannot be. The Heads of a King and Ministers is at Stake, in the negotiation for Peace, at least they Suspect so. The new Parliament, will not alter the System, unless it should make it more insidious.
As to Money, I can promise nothing but my Utmost Exertions to procure it. It is lucky that I had been here 4 or 5 Weeks before my Commission arrived, because I have had an opportunity to reconnoitre the Country.
Mr. Searle, shall have every Attention and Assistance, from me that may be in my Power.
I most earnestly request the Continuance of your Correspondence, and remain, with the highest Esteem, sir your very humble servant
Suggesting that it be published in the Gazette de Leyde, JA enclosed Houston's letter of 11 July in his to Jean Luzac of 20 Sept. (LbC, Adams Papers). Luzac did not print Houston's letter and probably returned it with his letter of 27 Sept. (below).
This passage has not been found in any recent letter to JA, but see letters from Samuel Adams, Jonathan Loring Austin, and James Warren written in 1778 and 1779 (vol. 7:158; 8:77, 91). Indeed, the letters of July from Houston and others that JA was answering in mid-September were the first that he had received since several, dated in late April and early May, had arrived in July.
Don Antonio Barcelo commanded the Spanish squadron blockading Gibraltar. The Gazette de Leyde of 5 Sept. reported his capture of 4 ships attempting to run the blockade, while that of 8 Sept. indicated that he had captured 7 ships.
1780-09-19
The day before yesterday, Mr. Dana arrived here from Paris with the dispatches which came by Mr. Searle.
I am very sensible of the Honour that is done me by this Appointment and yesterday morning I set myself seriously about discharging the Duties of it; and this day I have been some Leagues into the Country upon the same Service. There are good Reasons for concealing the Names of the Gentlemen to whom I have applied for Advice 161and Assistance: but they are such as Congress I think would have approved if they had themselves been here.1
I was told very candidly, that I might possibly be much mistaken in my Information: that possibly I might think that Money was plentier here than it is: that America had more Friends than She has: and that the difficulty of negotiating a Loan here, was less than it is: that it was mysterious that Congress should empower any Gentleman to negotiate a Loan, without at the same time empowering the same or some other to negotiate a political Treaty of Alliance and Commerce consistent with the Treaties already made with other Powers; that a minister Plenipotentiary here would be advised to apply directly to the Prince and the States General; that he would not be affronted or ill treated by either: and whether recieved publickly or not, would be courted by many respectable Individuals, and would greatly facilitate a Loan.2
I was however encouraged to hope, that I might have some small Success, and was advised to a particular Course, in order to obtain it, that cannot as yet be communicated.
I must however apprize Congress, that there are many delicate Questions, which it becomes my duty to determine in a short time, and perhaps none of more difficulty than what House shall be applied to or employed. I have no Affections or Aversions to influence me in the Choice. And shall not depend upon my own Judgment alone without the Advice of such persons, as Congress will one day know to be respectable. But Offence will probably be taken, let the Choice fall upon whom it may by several other Houses, that have pretensions and undoubted Merit. As this may occasion Censure and Complaints, I only ask of Congress, not to judge of those Complaints, without hearing my Reasons, and this Request I presume I need not make.3
I have only to add, that the Moment Mr. Laurens shall arrive, or any other Gentleman vested with the same Commission, I will render him every Service in my Power, and communicate to him every Information I may possess. But I ought not to conclude without giving my opinion that it is absolutely necessary that Mr. Laurens, or whoever comes in his place, should have a Commission of Minister Plenipotentiary. If that Gentleman was now here with such a Commission, it would have more Influence, than perhaps any Body in America can imagine, upon the Conduct of this Republick, upon the Congress at Petersbourg and upon the Success of Mr. Jay at Madrid.
I have the Honour to be, with the greatest Respect, Sir, your most obedient and most humble Servant
162
JCC
, 18:1194).
When JA published this letter in the Boston Patriot in 1809, he followed it with an account of his early efforts to raise a loan. There he identified his principal advisor as Hendrik Bicker. JA had dined with Bicker on 30 Aug., and described him as “a patriot without alloy of French or English influence,” who “was to me a sincere friend and faithful counsellor, from first to last” (JA, Corr. in the Boston Patriot
, p. 171; JA, Diary and Autobiography
, 2:448). Bicker was a member of the Amsterdam mercantile firm of Andries Pels & Sons and a friend of Engelbert van Berckel, Grand Pensionary of Amsterdam. He had already shown his support for the American cause by pledging 30,000 florins to a loan that the American Commissioners had unsuccessfully sought to raise in 1778 and 1779 (Pieter J. Van Winter, American Finance and Dutch Investment
1780–1805, transl. James C. Riley, 2 vols., N.Y., 1977, 1:32; see vols. 6–8).
At about this time, to facilitate his efforts, JA compiled a list of nine questions to ask those from whom he sought advice (JA, Diary and Autobiography
, 2:449). The content of the observations and advice that JA relates in this paragraph would seem to indicate that he made use of that list in his consultations.
In the Letterbook is the following canceled passage:
“The first Question is which houses are too much connected with the English Ministry, these cannot be chosen. But I am assured that I must ask other Questions vizt. what Houses have other
Fren Connections that would be equally likely to hinder or defeat the Loan. I have the Hon.”
JA omitted the canceled material from the letter as published in the Boston Patriot, but gave its substance in his comments that followed and identified Hendrik Bicker as the question's source. JA stated that, after cautioning him against financial houses tied to England, Bicker warned him that he should also consider the attachments of other houses “that would be equally likely to hinder or defeat the loan?” Bicker meant “houses too much connected with the French ministry, and other houses whose solidity and credit were not sufficiently established; and he cautioned me in confidence particularly with regard to Mr. John De Neuville” (p. 171). It may have been the warning about Neufville's firm that made JA apprehensive about criticism of his choice of a house, for Jean de Neufville had long been associated with the American cause and was thus a logical candidate for the commission to raise a loan. Bicker recommended the house of Jan and Dirk van Vollenhoven, an institution “of unquestionable solidity, wholly Dutch, biassed neither by France nor England” (same; see also JA's letter of 25 Sept. to the president of Congress, No. 10, below).