Papers of John Adams, volume 10

From Hendrik Calkoen, with a Contemporary Translation, 31 August 1780 Calkoen, Hendrik JA

1780-08-31

From Hendrik Calkoen, with a Contemporary Translation, 31 August 1780 Calkoen, Hendrik Adams, John
From Hendrik Calkoen, with a Contemporary Translation
Weledele Heer 31 Aúg. 1780

Het spijt mij, dat ik niet langer mijne gedagten over het bewúste onderwerp kan laaten gaan. Uwedele zal zich dús gelieven te vreede te hoúden met een en andere aanmerking, zo als die mij in de gedagten komen, 't geen wel eens oorzaak zijn zal dat deeze of geene bedenking, die vroeger geplaatst hadt moeten worden, laater komen zal.

Om het algemeen Crediet voor de Vereenigde Staaten van N.A., hier in Holland, zoveel mogelijk, op te beúren en úit te breiden, zoú voor alle dingen noodig zijn een naúwkeúrig, aúthenticq en waarachtig Bericht van den tegenwoordigen staat haarer zaaken, gepaard, of voorafgegaan van een kort doch zaakelijk verslag van den loop derzelven voor, op en na de Troúbelen, tot heden toe; daar het nood ware, gemúnieerd met de aúthentiqúe Docúmenten en bewijzen. Men zoú het kunnen vervatten in een Brief aan den Edelen Lord Germain, om het belaggelijke of onwaarschijnelijke zijner Vantises,1 wegens de op handen zijnde Reconciliatie met America, in het parlement2 gedaan, ten toon te stellen, hetzelve al verder in eenen schertzenden toon inrichtende; op dat het daardoor te meer in ieders handen geraaken zoú. Uit dien tegenwoordigen staat zoú men vervolgens moeten afleiden wat het natúúrlijk gevolg zijn zal van deezen Oorlog—Dan dewijl men van den presúmtive úitslag der zaaken met nog meerderen waarschijnlijkheid oordeelen kan úit vergelijiking van hetgeen in een soortgelijk geval gebeúrd is, zoú een júiste en gepaste vergelijking en paralelle van den staat der zaaken zo als die bij onze Revolútie was met die van Noord America, hier, van een allerbyzonderste úitwerking zijn, en tevens zeer gewichtige aanmerkingen aan de hand geven—Dewijl ik meer onderrigt ben van onzen oorlog voor de vrijheid met den aankleeven van dien, zal ik zo tot infomatie daar van als tot staaving mijner bovengemelde Remarques hier van een korte schets meede-deelen.3

100

Onze Revolútie moet niet als ééne doorgaande Revolútie maar als twee verschillende, ja misschien drie de een úit de ander gebooren, geconsidereerd worden—De erste, onder het geleide der Edelen, het bekende Smeekschrift4 overleeverende, en zich onderling aan elkanderen Verbindende, aangevangen, mislúkte geheel en al, hoe zeer Oranje,5 in den Raad van de onderliggende partij, dat is van de Oppositie zijnde, dit verbond onder de hand bewerkt en bevorderd hadt. De oorzaak was, dat de gemeente stoút geworden op dit verbond en zich daardoor gerúgsteúnd achtende, doldriftig voortholde, een Beeldenstorm,6 plúndering en berooving van Kerken en andere heiligdommen, door het gantsche land aanzegtende, waar door de voorzichtige, staatkúndige en patriottische Oogmerken van de welmeenende partij den bodem ingeslagen wierden. De Roomsche Edelen, met reden bedúgt, dat men toeleg maakte, om hunnen Godsdienst geheel en al te vernietigen, scheúrden zich van't verbond, dat zij geteekend hadden, hún zoen met het Hoff maakende, 't geen hún gemakkelijk viel, omdat men daar begreep, gelijk het ook inderdaad was, dat door deeze scheúring het gantsche Bondgenootschap vaneen gereeten zoú zijn—Gelijk ook, alleen door de Italiaansche Staatkúnde van de Landvoogdesse Margaretha en haar Raadslieden, gebeúrde; alles zich tot onderwerping schikkende, zonder dat er eenige Vreemde soldaaten in 't Land waaren, of daartoe gebezigd behoefden te worden. Zelfs zo verre dat Margaretha7 Schreef, en met Waarheid na Spanje schrijven kon, dat de opstand gedemt was, en dat alles zich tot onderwerping schikte.

Hadt de Koning toen afgezien van het zenden van een Leger, Alva8aan het hoofd hebbende, de Nederlanden zoúden nog in slavernij zijn. Ja, indien hij slegts goedgevonden hadt Oranje, Egmond en Hoorne ongmoeid te laaten,9 zou denkelijk het zelfde gebeúrd zijn, dewijl Oranje als dan hoogst waarschijnelijk zich de zaak niet langer aangetrokken zoú hebben. Maar de Koning, verkeerdelijk begrijpende, dat de gelegenheid nú te schoon stondt, om zich van een onbepaalde opperheerschappij meester te maaken, zondt Alva herwaarts, aan 't hoofd van een vrij aanzienelijke leegermagt en taste gemelde Hoofden van de Oppositie in persoon, goederen, eer en leeven aan; zich tevens genoegzaam gelijktijdig van het gantsche Land, grensvestingen etc. meester maakende.

Oranje hier door tot wanhoop gebragd vatte de wapenen op, kwam in 't Jaar 1568 af met een leger, waar mede hij niets úitrigten kon, zelfs zo, dat het, bij gebrek van betaaling, van zelfs verliep.

Alva was en bleef dús van alles meester. De Landzaat voelde zich, 101in weerwil van zijne neiging en moed, genoodzaakt, zich geheel te onderwerpen. Hadt hij toen, slegts met eenige krijgsmans gemaatigheid, de zaaken bestierd, zoú de nú ten tweede maale gedempte opstand nimmer weder het hoofd hebben dúrven opsteeken. Maar, door geweld, vúúr en staal, zijne overheersching willende Cementeeren, veroorzaakte de toevallige en gantsch onberaadene aanval en inneeming van den Briel,10 door eenige waanhoopige Nederlanderen úitgevoerd, dat de twee provintien, Holland en Zeeland, grootendeels, tegen hem opstonden, waardoor Oranje eindelijk in weerwil van de Spaansche legermagt, voet in het Land kreeg, waarúit hij nú reets verscheide jaaren als balling verdreeven geweest was. De afval van de eene stad na de andere, door dit onverwagt evenement veroorzaakt, bedremmelde Alva vrij wat, niet weetende werwaarts zich, tot demping van den opstand, het eerst te wenden. De Groot overmagt echter deedt hem gedúúrende 1573 en 1574 aanmerkelijke voordelen behaalen. Hij Conqúesteerde op nieúw verscheidene afgevallen steden, en alles zoú zich ten derde maale tot onderwerping hebben moeten schikken voor al onder zijn opvolger Reqúésens11 die, met veel meer gemaatigdheid te werk gaande, verbaazende vorderingen maakte, en die het Hof gewis zoú hebben doen zegpraalen indien hij niet, zeer onverwagt, zonder orde op de regeering gesteld of een súccesseúr ad interim benoemd te hebben, was komen te overlijden. De Raad van Staaten moest toen natúúrlijker wijze bij voorraad de Regeering in handen neemen. De Nederlanders, daar in zittende en zo afkeerig als ooit van een vreemd júk, gebrúikten deeze gelegenheid zeer behendig; naamen de Spaansch gezinde Raaden gevangen, terwijl het onbetaald laaten der Spaansche troepen, deeze aan 't múiten deet slaan, die in plúndering en Roof van vriend en vijand eindigende, alle de provintien, die met Spanje tegen Holland en Zeeland in daadelijken Oorlog waren, vereenigde, om het gemeene Vaderland van vreemd geweld en overlaste te bevrijden—Men riep Oranje na Brabant en bragt binnen zeer korten tijd de beroemde Pacificatie van Gend 12 tot stand, waardoor niet alleen de vreede met Holland en Zeeland gemaakt was, maar waarbij men zich tevens verbond, om, blijvende onder de Koninglijke gehoorzaamheid, als van oúds, alle vreemde magt úit het land met vereende krachten te zúllen verjaagen. Holland en Zeeland inmiddels tot ademtogt geraakt en Spanje meer en meer vijanden op zijnen hals habbende, kreegen de zaaken wel een gúnstiger plooi, maar alles was en bleef zeer wankelbaar. Verschil van Godsdienst, de ambitie van eenige Nederlandsche grooten, met nijdige oogen ziende, dat Oranje in achting en liefde bij het volk 102toenam, de ook driftige ijver der geestelijken; deeze en veele andere toevalligheden maakten den Staat der zaaken zeer lange ongewis; kleine evenementen voor en tegen waren van gewigtige gevolgen verzeld. Oranje, úit een en ander bespeúrende, dat het onmogelijk was, alle de provintien eenzelven lijn op den dúúr te doen trekken, was daarom reeds bij voorraad op het slúiten eener nadere Unie te Utrecht 13 bedagt geweest, om ten minsten een gedeelte der Nederlanden voor onderwerping te beveiligen; indien eens het kwaad dat die Schrandere man voorzag, daadelijk gebeúren mogt.

Hier zoú men met de vergelijking kúnnen eindigen, met deeze úitzondering, alleen, dat de moord van Willem den 1e. zo onverwagt gebeúrende,14 in 't midden van achterúitgaande krigsbedrijven van de zijde det Nederlanderen, hún wel van hún grootsten steún beroofden, maar dat nog deeze gebeúrtenis nog de jonkheid van Maúrits,15 nog de verwarringen, die Leicester16 Stookte, aan een Krijgsman van naam als Parma 17 eenige gelegenheid verschaft hebben, de Nederlanders weder tot onderwerping te dwingen, gelijk úit den loop der zaaken gebleeken is. Ondertússchen is het lot des oorlogs voornamentlijk ter Zee beslist, als wordende van tijd tot tijd stoúte en gelúkkige togten op Zee gedaan; waar in Nederland alleen boven America eenig voordeel schijnt gehad te hebben; de Spaansche Zee magt in vergelijking tot onse toenmaaligen minder overwigt hebbende, als die van Engeland thans over die van America heeft.

Uit deeze korte schets van den staat der zaaken, die in alle bijzonderheiden gelijkende is, nú kan omweder ter zaake te komen meer dan eene aanmerking, tot het bewúste oogmerk dienende, getrokken worden. Er blijkt úit het zeer aanmerkelijk ondersheid tússchen ons en America, waarin van de zijde van America over het geheel, groot voordeel bespeúrd wordt. Want 1e. America moet nog geconqúesteerd en dan bewaard worden. Stel Engeland wierdt het meester, dan zal Engeland eerst recht beginnen en kúnnen beginnen, daar Spanje begonnen is. En de moeijte van bewaaring zal dan, alle andere Consideratien eens daar gelaaten, zoveel grooter zijn, als het Land zelve grooter úitgebreid heeft, dan ons kleine Land. Heeft nú Spanje, hoe zeer door het staande leger, in het land zelve in bezetting leggende, als andersins, volstrekt meester van het land; Meester van Grensvesten, Oorlogstúig; finantie weezen, en wie weet wat al meer? Heeft Spanje, dat in evenredigheid tot Nederland ten minsten magtiger dan Engeland met relatie tot America is, die zelfde Nederlanden, onderling door allerlei Godsdienstige en andere politiqúe partijschappen, Cabalen elendig verdeeld, niet kúnnen behoúden of bewaaren, heeft 103de haat die de natie tegens Spanje en den Spaanschen naam droeg, de Spanjaards verjaagd behoeft men dan wel profeet te zijn, om te voorspellen dat, zo het al eens mogelijk ware, dat America geheel geconqúesteerd wierdt, en daadelijk búkken moest, het bewaaren en behoúden van het zelve, voor Engeland, met het overschot haarer door de Conqúesteering úitgepútte krachten, onúitvoerlijk zijn zal.

Dit Argúment, deeze vergelijking en paralelle in al zijn bijzonderheeden door eene kúndige hand úitgewerkt, zoú voor kúndigen en onkúndigen een krachtig argúment zijn. Om het aan te dringen, zoú men zich van de volgende zaaken, geheel of gedeeltelijk kúnnen en moeten bedienen.

1. Met Spreekende daaden bewijzen, dat er eene onverzoenelijke haat en afkeer in America heerst.

2. Dat deeze algemeen is, of ten minsten, zo algemeen, dat de Koningsgezinden partij zo gering in getal en magt is, dat die als niets te tellen is.

3. Dat America, in weerwil van den Oorlog, in wezentlijke sterkte en macht toeneemt.

4. Dat America ten minsten dan nog in en van zich zelfs, door middel van wederzijdsche Koop of trokkeering van de prodúcten der Respective Provintien, ten minsten gedúúrende een gerúimen tijd, bestaan zoú kúnnen en den Oorlog 6–8–10 Jaar sleepende hoúden, al wierdt zij zelfs van alle Commercie met Eúropa beroofd, en van haare Bondgenooten, om dat die afgeoorlogd waren, door het maaken eener particúliere vreede verlaaten.

5. Dat er geen vrijwillige afval, of afscheiding van een of meer provintien te dúgten is, en zo dit al van een of meer gebeúrde, de ovrige altoos zich zelve alleen zoúden kúnnen beschermen.

6. Dat niemand in America van zoveel invloed, magt, of Credit is, dat zijn dood, of Corrúptie door Engelsch geld eenige noemenswaardige gevolgen hebben kan.

7. Dat de gemeente in America not gezind is, nog genoegzaame gronden vinden zoú, om door geweld en daadelijkheden de welmeenende en kúndige Politiken in de war te helpen, gelijk bij ons de beeldenstorm, die alle maatregelen van Oranje en anderen geheel den bodem insloeg.

8. Wat Engeland eigentlijk zoú moeten doen, om America tot onderwerping te brengen en daar in te hoúden. Wat daartoe vereischt zoúde worden?

Hoe veel tijd, geld, volk en schepen daar toe noodig zoúden zign? (NB. Men begrijpt wel dat dit alleen zoú moeten geschieden met 104achterhoúding van wezentlijke geheimen van staat; welke aanmerking hier eens voor al gezegd zij).

Hier úit zoú men de onúitvoerelijkheid van de Engelsche oogmerken moeten afleiden.

9. Hoe sterk het Engelsche Leger te Lande is, dat actúeel tegen America de waapenen draagd? Hoe sterk het bij den aanvang was? Of hetzelve in een toeneemende of altoos afneemende sitúatie is?

10. Hoe groot de effective macht van America daar tegen, zo wel met relatie van getal als geoffendheid van 't leger zo wel bij den aanvang als zedert tot nú toe? Is men van genoegzaame Krijgsvoorraad voorzien, kan men die geheel of gedeeltelijk in America zelfs vinden of moet men die van elders haalen?

11. Hoe groot is de Schúld van America daadelijk?

Wat heeft zij Jaarlijks noodig om defensief te Ageeren worden deeze kosten bij de Landzaaten zelve genooten en verdiend, dan wel door andere Natien? zo het laatste geval wat verliest America daar door van haare krachten? worden deeze niet wederom op de een of andere wijze door tegen overstaande voordeelen gecompenseerd? zo ja door welke?

Wat zoú er noodig zijn, om offensief te werk te gaan, en de oorlog daar door te bekorten.

12. Hoedanig is de staat van het finantie weezen?

Hoeveel súrpasseren de úitgaave of depences de inkomsten? Neemen de Impositien jaarlijks toe of af? met andere woorden brengen de Taxen en Impositien van tijd tot tijd meer op, of wel minder? over het geheel of in sommige bijzonderheeden en welke rendenen zijn daar van te geeven?

13. Van welke Resoúrces zoú America nog in 't vervolg gebrúik kúnnen maaken?

14. Hoe groot is het qúantúm, van het gemaakte en in Circúlatie gebragte papiere geld? Welk Credit heeft men daar voor in den dagelijkschen handel binnen Lands? Welke vúes heeft men, om het zelve in Credit te hoúden, die zelfs vermeerdering, zo veel mogelijk, voor te kommen, en hoedanig zal men het realiseeren?

15. Brengt zelfs het Engelsche Leger 't geen in America is en zijne soldijen zo niet geheel ten minsten grootendeels aldaar verteeren moet, geen vermeerdering, zelfs in weerwil van Engeland, in het númeraire en effective geld van America voort? Zo ja, op hoe veel begroot men dit voordeel bij Calcúlatie jaarlijks? Worden niet de meeste wederzijdsche krijgsgevangenen in America gevonden? wie zorgt voor het onderhoúd derzelven? De Mogenheid, die zij gediend 105hebben of wel die geen, die hen krijgsgevangenen gemaakt heeft? Zo de Mogenheid, dien zij gediend hebben, is de Vraag geschied dit van wegen America door aan dezelve geld of wel Levensmiddelen en noodwendigheeden toe te zenden? Hoe geschied dit met betrekking van het leger van Boúrgonge? Zo dit, het geen het noodig heeft, met geld koopt en betaaldt, moet er door dit middel vrij wat Goúdt en Zilver in handen van de Americaanen komen en also het gebrek aan geld merkelijk vervúllen—Wat is hier van?

16. Wie verliest het meest aan Deserteúrs Engeland of America? Dienen de Engelsche Deserteúrs vrijwillig en wel in het Americaansche Leger? Kan men er eenige staat op maaken? Op wat wijze kúnnen zij, die geen dienst in 't Leger neemen, aan de kost komen? Hoe groot is het getal van deezen? Lijden zij kommer en gebrek of kúnnen zij behoorlijk bestaan.

17. Heeft men eenige berigten, waar op genoegzaam staat te maaken is, wegens de bevolking?

Gaat die voor of achterúit, of is die genoegzaam in dezelfde staat als bij het begin van den Oorlog?

18. Heerscht er op plaatsen, daar de oorlog niet daadelijk gevoerd wordt genoegzaame rúst, te vreedenheid en welvaart? Kan men er genoegzaam bestaan, zonder dat de Lasten te sterk drúkken?

Heerscht er zelfs overvloed, dat is meer dan het noodzaakelijke, en is het volk dús welgemoed en gehartigd, om den Oorlog, is 't nood, door te zetten en deszelfs Calamiteiten te verdúúren. Of is er armoede, en moedeloosheid?

19. Haakt men in America niet sterk na Vreede en zoú dit geen aanleiding kúnnen geeven, dat men somstijds aan schijnschoone voorslagen, al te greetig het oor zoú willen of moeten leenen?

20. Zijn er ten deezen opzichte in het Cabinet geene verschillende Opinien en daarúit ontstaande partijschappen?

21. Zijn er in America geen Malcontenten over het púplicq bestúúr, die hoe Americaans gezint anderzins ook, de natie of het Congres tot beslúiten zoú kúnnen noodzaaken tegen haar Inzichten en belangen?

22. De Generaal Monk18 heeft in Engeland de Koninglijke Regeering hersteld—Zoú een of ander Americaanses Generaal, úit misnoegen of door Corrúptie hiertoe overgehaald, dit zelfde ook kúnnen úitvoeren? Zoú het leger hem in zúlk een geval volgen.

23. Zoú een of meer politikenen door Cabaleeren en intrigeeren hetzelfde, met eenige hoop van súcces, kúnnen doen? En zoú in zúlk een geval, het Leger hem volgen?

24. Dewijl de opgekomene Revolútie een aanmerkelijke verander-106ing van zaaken gemaakt moet hebben, en wel zo dat zeer veele lieden, zelfs zonder daadelijk den vijand op den hals te hebben, hún kostwinning of bestaan verlooren hebben; zijn de bezigheden, die in de plaats gekomen zijn, toereikende geweest, om de ophoúding van het bestaan van deezen en geenen te kúnnen vervúllen, en zijn de zaaken ten dien opzichte nú reets op eenen zo bestendigen nieúwen voet gebragd, dat úit dien hoofde alleen geene Armoede of gebrek van belang meer geleden wordt?

25. Lijden die geenen, die, bij den oorlog, hún bezittingen en fortúin verlooren hebben, dat verlies, over het geheel, gedúldig en patriottisch, zo dat ook van deezen niets van eenig belang te vreezen is?

26. Hoe is het gegaan met den Landboúw, voor de troúbelen, bij derzelver aanvang, en tegenwoordig? Welke verandering vermeerdering of vermindering heeft die ondergaan op plaatsen daar de oorlog niet daadelijk gevoerd is, of wordt?

27. Hoedanig was de staat der Manúfactúúren Handwerken en Koophandel in 't gemeen bij het opvatten der Wapenen en welke verandering vermeerdering of vermindering is daar in gekoomen?

28. Heeft America, bij het wederzijds neemen van schepen gewonnen of verlooren? Hoe veel is het voor of nadeel van dien bij Calcúlatie?

29. Welke zijn de wezentlijke nadeelen door het verlies van Charlestown geleden, of nog te lijden, en welken invloed heeft dit over het geheel op de gemoederen gehadt?

Zie daar Weled. Heer en vriend! eenigszins omstandig mijne gedagten over dit onderwerp voorgesteld.

Ik begrijp zeer klaar, dat men alle de gedaane vraagen niet kan en zelfs niet públicq beantwoorden moet ook is de een meer gewigtig als de andere. Het positief bewijs van deeze en geene zaaken zal bovendien in zeer veele gevallen moeielijk, ja dikwils onmogelijk zijn, maar men kan zich dan nog al met negative bewijzen behelpen en redden—Bij voorbeeld—Art. 14 wegens het papiere geld; dit en derzelfs mis Credit is misschien indien ik, zonder locaale kennis te hebben, oordeelen mag, het voornaame zwak van America. Zo men hier van geene voldoende oplossing geeven kon, zoú men het onderzoek negative moeten toúrneeren in een onderzoek van het Engelsche Finantie weezen en stellen het zwak daar van voor, waartoe men vooral gebrúik zoú moeten maaken van de aanmerkingen van Húme,19 wegens de públicqúe schúld, dat tevens aan het Credit van Engeland een gewisse neep geeven zoú, dewijl Húme daarover zúlke verschrikkelijke 107en vrees verwekkende profetien gedaan heeft, dat men er eene aanmerkelijke ontroering van gevoeld, alleen op de bloote Lectúre van zijne aanmerkingen, al heeft men geen, of geen groot deel in de Engelsche Fondsen.

Heb de goedheid indachtig te zijn, en te effectúeren dat ik de Origineele acte van Independtie leezen kan, want ik worde hoe langer hoe meer, overtúigd, dat de Engelsche Nieúwspapieren ook daarmede een toúr gespeeld en ik een gesúborneerd stúk geleezen heb. Ik verlange daarom een echt stuk van zoveel gewigt met aandagt te leezen en te herleezen.

Inmiddels noeme mij met ware achting Wel Edele Heer! U. E. M. Dienaar

H. Calkoen
Hendrik Calkoen to John Adams: A Translation, 31 August 1780 Calkoen, Hendrik JA

1780-08-31

Hendrik Calkoen to John Adams: A Translation, 31 August 1780 Calkoen, Hendrik Adams, John
Hendrik Calkoen to John Adams: A Translation
31 August 1780

I am Sorry that the time does not permit my reflecting any longer, upon the Subject in question, you will therefore be so kind as to content your self with those few remarks, so as they may arise in my thoughts, which will perhaps cause the one or other recollection to appear, that ought to have been placed something Sooner.

To encourage and Establish as much as possible the general credit of the United States of North America here in Holland, would be above all things necessary an exact authentic and True information of the present Situation of her affairs, accompanied by a previous, Short, tho real account of their course, before during and after the commencement of the troubles, till this day; Where with if it was necessary, to be provided with the genuine Documents and demonstrations. One might be able to resume it in a letter to the Right Honourable G. Germain, to expose by that means his ridiculous or improbable Vantises1 presented in the House of Parliament,2 concerning the appraching reconciliation with America, by composing the same further, in an ironical tone, that it might be that means pass the more thro Every bodies hands. But of this present state of affairs, might one further foresee, what the natural consequence of this War must be, because one can judge with more probability of the presumtive issue of affairs; by comparing them with any other event of the like that has happened. Would not a Just and fitted comparison and parallel of the situation of affairs, so as they were at our Revolution, with those of North America be of very great effect, and 108produce some new observations of consequence, because I am better informed of our war before its independency and adherency, I shall therefore inform you of it, as likewise confirm my abovementioned remarks, by the following Scetch Viz:3

Our Revolution must not pass as one continual Revolution, but as two different ones, yes perhaps three, considered as deriving from each other. The first under the conduct of the Nobility, delivering the known Petition,4 commencing at the same time mutual engagements, which were miscarried intirely, tho the Prince of Orange5 in the Counsel of the party in Suffrance, that is of the opposition, had made up and advanced secretly this League; the reason was that the Commonalty becoming bold upon this convention, Esteemed themselves properly fortifyed, went furiously at Work Beeldstorming6 plundering, depriving the Churches and other Sanctuaries of their Ornaments, throughout the whole Country, by which means the designs of the prudent and well meaning Native Politicians were intirely frustrated, the apprehention with reason of the Roman Catholic Nobility, that the intire abolishment of their Religion was aimed at, induced them to Seperate from the league, that they had already Signed, and returned to the Court party, which they with much facility gained, because it was thought, so as it in reality was, that by means of this division, the whole convention would be torn; it likewise happened too, thro the Italian Policy of the Governess Margaretha7 and her Counselors; Everything disposing itself for Submittance and that without a foreign Soldier in the Country, nor the least require made for any, indeed so far to the contrary, that Margaretha wrote to Spain and could write with truth, “that the Rebellion was Stopt and that every thing was preparing with Speed for Subjection.”

Had the King but then put aside his resolution of sending an Army, with Duke d'Alba8 at the head, the Netherlands would be still in Slavery, yes even if he had judged proper to have left Orange, Egmond, and Hoorn unmolested,9 likely should the same have happened, because the Prince of Orange would then by all probability not have mentained the affair any longer, but the King preversly comprehending, that the occasion was now too fair to invest himself with an unlimitted Sovereignty, Sends Duke d'Alba hither at the head of a mighty Army, and attacks the abovementioned Ringleaders of the opposition, in person, goods and honour, depriving them of their lives and by making himself master at the same time, of the Whole Country, frontiers &c.

109

The Prince of Orange meeting with such barbarious treatment, brought him to dispair, took recourse to Arms, and came off in the year 1568 with an Army, that he could perform nothing with, even of such little consequence, that it, thro want of pay, diminished of its own self.

Duke d'Alba was, and continued by that means master of all, the Inhabitants with Repugnancy to their inclination of Courage, found themselves under the necessity of submitting intirely. Had he then even with a little Soldiers moderation gouverned the affairs, the Second extinguished Rebellion, would never have dared, to have raised its head again, but, thro violence, fire and Sword, would he cement his Sovereignty, which occasioned the accidental, and intire unadvised Assault and conquest of the Briel,10 executed by a few desperate Netherlanders; That stroke induced mostly, the two Provinces, Holland and Zeeland to rise against him; it gave at last the Prince of Orange an oppertunity, of Setting his feet in this Country again, from where he had been banished for Severall Years. The revolt, of one Town after the other, occasioned by this unexpected event, puzled Duke d'Alba vastly, which place to attack first, and extinguish by that means, the flames that were increasing with great rapidity. His Supiriority during the Year 1573 and 74, favoured him in recovering Severall advantages. He conquerd anew Several of the revolted Towns, and every thing would have been forced a third time, to Submission; above all under the Government of his Successor Requesens,11 who, with much more temperament, went to work, and who would without the least doubt, have rendered the Court Victorious, had he not most unexpectedly died, even without Establishing any form of Gouvernment, or having Chosen a Successor ad interim.

The Counselors of State were naturally obliged, by provision to invest themselves, with the Gouvernment of affairs. The Netherlanders having the Tiller in their hands, and as averse as ever of a foreign Yoke, made a very dextrous use of this opportunity; by imprisoning the Counselors of the Spanish party, whilst the unpaid Spanish Soldiers were revolting, which ended with plundering and Prey of friend and Enemy; All the Provinces that were till thus far with Spain in War, against Holland and Sealand, united to defend the Mother Country against all foreign forces and importunitys.

The Prince of Orange was ordered to Braband, the famious Paciffication of Gend 12 was established in a short time after, in a proper Situation, by which means not only the peace with Holland 110and Sealand was concluded, but likewise a Convention, to remain as formerly, under the King's authority, and to join each other in Expelling any foreign forces that might attempt returning into this Country.

Holland and Sealand in the mean While recovering their former Strenght, and Spain obtaining from day to day more and more Enemies, gave the affairs here a favourable appearance, tho they remained in an unstable Situation. Difference of Religion, Ambition of a few Dutch Noblemen, with Jealousy seeing, that the Prince of Orange was daily increasing in the Esteem of the Commonalty, the furious Zeal of the Clergymen; those and many other casualties rendered the Situation of affairs, of a very long uncertainty; Small events for and against the cause, were accompanied by important consequences. The Prince of Orange remarking by all those difficulties, that it was impossible to draw all the Provinces under one line, occupied himself by times in concluding a new Union at Utrecht,13to prevent by that means the Submission of a party of Netherlanders that might incline to it; If even the evil that, that Skilful man foresaw, had instantly brooken out.

One might make an end of the comparison at this period, with the only exception, of the unexpected assassination of William 1st.14 in midst of the Netherlands decaying situation of affairs, deprived them intirely of their greatest Support; but neither this change, the Youth of Maurits,15 nor the Confusion that Leicester16 kindled, could give an officer by name, of Parma,17 the least occasion to Subject the Netherlands again, so as has appeared by the course of affairs. In the meanwhile the principallest decision of the War has been at Sea, executing from time to time audacious and fortunate expeditions at Sea, by which it seems alone that Netherland has had more advantages in, than America; The Spanyards Supiriority at Sea, by comparing the same with ours at that time, is much the same, as that of England is at present, with America.

Out of this short Schetch of the Situation of affairs, which resemble much each other in all particularities; but to return to the affairs again, there can be more than one remark drawn from them, that can be of service to the one in question. The great difference between us and America is very evident, as likewise are the great advantages in general that has been perceived there during this War. For America must be Conquered yet, and then afterwards preserved. Suppose England was to become Master of it, then England shall begin first where Spain began, the trouble of preservation shall than (all other considerations layed aside) be so much the greater, as the land it self 111is in proportion, much larger than our little Country. Has now Spain, with a Strong army in this Country, in total possession of the whole, as likewise of the frontiers, Ammunition, financies and God knows what more? Has Spain, that proportion to Netherlands at least, Mightyer, than what England is with regard to America, the same Netherlands were at that time devided into different sorts of animosities, tho withall that, they have not been able to preserve them, the hatred that the Nation had against Spanyards or a Spanish name. Expelled them all. Need one therefore be cautious in foretelling also, that if even America was once to be intirely conquered, and forced to Submit, its preservation and Salvation, would be imperformable for Engeland, with her exausted forces.

This argument, this comparison and parallel well effected in all its particularities by a Skilfull hand, would be a strong argument both for Skilful and unskilful people. To urge it, one would be under the necessity of making use partly or totally, of the following questions things.

1. To prove with Speaking facts that an implacable hatred and aversion reigns throughout America.

2. That this general is, or at least so general, that the Tories are in so Small a number, and of such little force, that they are counted as nothing.

3. That America, not withstanding the War, daily increases in Strenght and force.

4. Whether America then in or of itself thro means of purchaseing or exchanging the productions from their respective Provinces, would be able to continue the war for at least 6, 8 or 10 Years, even if they were intirely deprived of the trade with Europe, or their Allies Exausted by the war, and forced to make a Separate peace, were to leave them.

5. That there is no voluntary revolt of one or more of the Provinces to be apprehended, and if even it was to happen, of one, or more, Whether the others would not be able to defend themselves.

6. That no Person in America is of so much influence, power, or credit, that his death, or thro corruption of English money, could be of any nameable consequence.

7. That the Commonalty in America are not inclined, nor would be able to find Sufficient fundaments to frustrate by force the good intentions of the Skilful Politicians, even as the Beeldenstorm did, notwithstanding all the wise measures, that the Prince of Orange had taken.

112

8. What England properly ought to do, to force America to Submittance, and preserve her in the Same, what should be required to do it? How much time, money and Vessels, would be wanted for that purpose?

(N.B. One comprehends, that this must only be performed, by reserving the essential Secrets of State; which remark is here once for all explained.)

Out of this might, and must be proved the imperformable view of England.

9. How strong the English land force is, that actually carry Arms against America? How strong it was at the beginning of those troubles? Whether the Same is in an increasing, or always diminishing Situation?

10. How great the Effective force of America is, that's in opposition to it, as well relative to the number of men, as their discipline, from the Commencement of the troubles, till thus far? Is there a good Supply of Warlike Stores, are they to be found partly or intirely in America, or must they be imported?

11. How great is the present debt of America? What has she yearly use of to act defensively, are those wants Supplied by the inhabitants themselves or by other Nations? If in the latter case, what does America loose of her Strenght by it? are they not in one manner or the other recompenced again by some other equivalent advantage? If so, thro which? What would be required to act offencively, and by that means shorten the War?

12. What countenance has the Situation of the financies? how much does the expences excel the Yearly income? does the annual Revenue, deriving from the Taxes, increase or diminish? over the whole or in some particularities, which are the reasons to be given for it?

13. Of What resources might America hereafter, Still make use of?

14. What is the quantity of the made, and in circulation Paper Money? What Credit the inhabitants have for it in their daily business? What designes they have by maintaining its Credit, by preventing as much as possible its increase and in what manner theyll realize it?

15. Does not the English army itself, thats in America, lay out its pay, or at least the greatest part; must in spite of England cause a great circulation of effective money? If so, at how much can the yearly benefit, be calculated at? Are not the greatest part of the mutual Prisoner found for in America? Who is it that has the care of 113their maintainance? The Power, that they have Served, or well that one, Who made them Prisoners? If it is the Power that they have served, the question is, whether America then Supplies them with money, or does it by furnishing them with provisions and other necessaries? How does that happen with regard to Bourgoyn's Army? If they buy and pay the Commodities they are in want of with effective money, great quantities of Gold and Silver must by that Means circulate among the Americans, and also fulfill Vastly their urging want of Money—pray whats your opinion of this reflection?

16. Who looses the most by desertion, America or England? Do the English deserters serve voluntarily and well in the American army? Upon what footing can they, who do not enter into the Army, Subsist? how great is their number? do they Suffer under any difficulties of want, or can they properly Subsist?

17. Have they any informations, that one can rely upon concerning the Population? does it increase or diminish? or is it almost in the same Situation, as it was, at the beginning of the War?

18. Does Sufficiant tranquility, contentment, and prosperity reign in those places where the rage of War is not effectual? can one Sufficiantly Subsist there, without feeling the oppression of the Taxes? does plenty abound there, that is, more than is needful, and are the People well affected and encouraged to persue the war and endure its calamities, or is there poverty and dejection?

19. Is not Peace very much longed for in America, might not that perhaps give some inducement of hearckning to proposals appearing very fair (but which are in reality to the contrary) which one might be too quick in listning too, and forced to accept?

20. Has there not been different opinions in Congress with regard to this, and from which animosities have arisen?

21. Are there no Malcontents in America, over the public government, tho much inclined otherways for the American cause, who might force the Nation or Congress against their Resolutions and interests to conclude a Peace?

22. General Monk18 repaired the Kings government, in England, might not one American General or the other, be able, by way of discontent, or drawn thro Corruption, to perform the Same? Should the Army follow his orders on such an occasion?

23. Should one or more Politicians thro Intrigues, undertake the same, with any hopes of Success, should even the Army assist him in Such a case?

24. The new arisen Revolution must certainly have made a great 114change in the affairs, and even so, that a vast many people, tho at present free of the Enemies incursions, have with all that lost their daily Subsistance; are the occupations which came instead of their old ones, been till thus far Sufficient to Supply their want? and are the affairs already to that respect brought upon a new durable footing, that no Want or poverty of consequence can be Suffered on that account alone?

25. Do they, who have lost their possessions and fortunes by the War, endure the same in general patiently as compatriots, in so far that nothing can be feared of them?

26. How has it gone with the Cultivation of the land, before the troubles, at their Commencement, and at present? What change of increase or diminish have those places undergone where the War has not in long raged?

27. How was the Situation of Manufactures, manual art, and trade in general at the beginning of this War, what change of increase or diminish have they met with, during the Same?

28. Has America gained or lost, by the mutual capture of Ships? how much is the benefit or prejudice of it, by calculation?

29. Which are the veritable damages Sustained, or Still to be Suffered, by the loss of Charlestown, and what influence the same has had over the minds in general?

See there Dear Sir, my thoughts over the Subject, in some degrees circumstantially proposed.

I conceive very clear, that all the made questions, cannot nor must not be publicly answered. Also is the one of more consequence then the other, the positive proof of these and other affairs, shall above all in Severall cases fall very difficult, yes often be impossible, but one can then take for assistance and relief a Negative demonstration, by Example Article 14 concerning the Paper money, its miscredit is perhaps if I may Judge, without having a local knowledge of it, the principal inability of America. If no Satisfactory Solution could be given of it, the inquest must be turned negatively in an inquiry of the English financies prescribing their depretiated Situation, for which purpose one must above all things make use of Humes 19 remarks concerning their public debt, which would at the same time be a feeling pinch for their Credit. While Hume has made such dreadful fear exciting predictions about it, that at a Simple lecture of his remarks, one feels a remarkable perturbation, even if one has none, or but very little concern in their funds.

I Humbly beg youll be mindfull in procuring me the lecture of the 115Original Act of Independency, because I am from day to day more and more persuaded, that the English Newspapers are also deceived, and that I have likewise read a Counterfeited peace.

I am therefore very desirous to read with attention, a real peace of so much consequence.

In the mean while I have the honour to remain with much Esteem.

RC (Adams Papers). Translation in Herman Le Roy's hand (Adams Papers); endorsed: “Mr Calkoens Questions.” Herman Le Roy, son of the Rotterdam merchant Jacob Le Roy, was born in America, but since the early 1770s had lived in Amsterdam. Returning to America in 1782, he became a leading New York merchant. For an account of Le Roy and the relations between his family and the Adamses, see Adams Family Correspondence , 4:148. For a discussion of Calkoen's letter and JA's response to the questions posed by the Dutch lawyer, see Replies to Hendrik Calkoen, 4–27 Oct., Editorial Note (below).

1.

The editors do not know the meaning of this word.

2.

Calkoen is probably referring to Germain's speech of 5 May, to which JA had replied in a letter of 28 May to Edmé Jacques Genet (above). For the publication of JA's response in both France and England, see the letter to Genet, note 1, and Edmund Jenings' letter of 9 July, and note 2 (above).

3.

What follows is a rambling, but generally accurate, account of the late sixteenth-century revolt by the seventeen provinces of the Netherlands against Spanish rule. The ten southern or Catholic provinces, now forming parts of France and the nations of Luxembourg and Belgium, ultimately returned to the Spanish fold, but the seven northern or Calvinist provinces combined to form the Dutch Republic, and it is with these that Calkoen is most concerned. Although he notes the assassination of William I, Prince of Orange, in 1584 and the later intervention by Elizabeth I of England, Calkoen's narrative centers on the years 1566 to 1579. It opens with the petition, known as the “Request,” presented to Margaret, Duchess of Parma and Governess General of the Netherlands, on 5 April 1566 and ends with the Union of Utrecht of 23 Jan. 1579, by which the seven northern provinces agreed to act as a single political entity.

As Calkoen indicates, the Dutch Revolt really comprised three separate uprisings. The first, spanning the years 1565 to 1568, was against the Spanish monarch Philip II's efforts to enhance his ability to govern the Netherlands by reducing the rights and privileges of the provinces, towns, and nobles and imposing the Inquisition. It failed because of the religious divisions within the ranks of the rebels and William I's inability to create an effective military force to defeat the forces of the Duke of Alva. The second revolt raged from 1569 to 1576 and was directed against the despotism of the Duke of Alva and, in particular, his effort to raise revenue by imposing a 10 percent value added tax. This uprising, like the first, was hampered by divisions within the rebel forces and the strength of Alva's army, but a base of operations within the northern provinces was established when the rebels captured the port of Brielle in 1572. The third revolt lasted from 1576 to 1581 and was fought, at least by the northern provinces, to establish a national state and ended when the United Provinces formally declared their independence from Spain. The war with Spain, as opposed to the Revolt, however, did not end in 1581. Fighting continued until the Twelve Years' Truce of 1609, was resumed in 1621, and ended only in 1648 with the Peace of Munster. Only then, over eighty years after the Dutch had first taken up arms, was Dutch independence finally and formally established.

Because Calkoen's history of the Dutch Revolt is reliable, annotation has been limited to brief identifications of major figures and events. Perhaps the best modern account is Geoffrey Parker, The Dutch Revolt , rev. edn., N.Y., 1985. See also Charles Wilson, The Transformation of Europe, 1558–1648, Berkeley, 1976, which stresses the revolt's European context and argues that efforts to suppress it destroyed Spain as a major power; and Herbert H. Rowen, The Princes of Orange: The Stadholders in the Dutch Republic, Cam-116bridge, Eng., 1988, which contains an excellent short biography of William I, Prince of Orange, and examines the development of the stadholder system.

4.

This petition, known as the “Request,” was presented on 5 April 1566 by 300 armed nobles who forced their way into the presence of Margaret, Duchess of Parma, the Governess General of the Netherlands and half-sister of Philip II. She was to inform Philip of the Dutch opposition to the Inquisition and request its retraction and, in the meantime, was to suspend its operation. Lacking the power to resist the nobles effectively, Margaret replied on 9 April with a proposal known as the “Moderation.” Noting her inability to act without specific instructions from Madrid, she nonetheless agreed to suspend the prosecution of heretics while awaiting new instructions. The “Request” and the resulting “Moderation” undermined Margaret's authority and diminished what little ability she had to control events. Dutch hopes were raised, but Philip was unwilling to make the concessions, thus making new challenges a certainty (Parker, Dutch Revolt , p. 69–72).

5.

William I, Prince of Orange (William the Silent), was a leader of the Dutch nobility in 1565 and became the driving force behind the Dutch Revolt until his assassination in 1584. Although he proved unequal to the task of uniting all seventeen provinces, he never lost confidence in a final victory over Spain (Rowen, Princes of Orange , p. 8–31).

6.

That is, iconoclasm or the breaking of images. Inspired by itinerant Calvinist preachers and encouraged by the “Moderation” of April, the iconoclasts began their work in Steenvoord, Flanders, in August, and by mid-September churches had been sacked as far north as Groningen. Local authorities were unable or unwilling to maintain order and Margaret at first lacked the means to compel obedience to the central government. The iconoclasm was one of the major factors in Philip's decision to send a Spanish army under the Duke of Alva to restore order (Parker, Dutch Revolt , p. 74–84).

7.

Margaret, Duchess of Parma, who was replaced as Governess General by the Duke of Alva in 1567 (same, p. 44, 106).

8.

In the spring of 1567, Philip II dispatched an army under Fernando Alvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alva, to restore royal authority. Alva reached the Netherlands in August and immediately established Spanish garrisons in Brussels and surrounding towns. Then, by means of the “Council of Troubles” or, as referred to by the Dutch, the “Council of Blood,” he began the wholesale condemnation and execution of heretics and opponents of Spanish rule. He served until 1573 (same, p. 99–117). “Alva” became a synonym for tyrant, as can be seen from JA's 1774 use of “Alva Gage” to describe Thomas Gage, last royal governor of Massachusetts (vol. 2:206, but see also 2:232 and 7:58, 235).

9.

Lamoral, Count of Egmont, and Philip de Montmorency, Count of Hornes, leaders of the Dutch opposition, who had imprudently placed themselves within reach of the Duke of Alva, were executed in the great square at Brussels on 5 June 1568. This despite Egmont's distinguished military record in the Spanish service and the fact that both men were Catholics who never irrevocably broke with Philip II. William of Orange, unwilling to test Alva's benevolence, went into exile in his German possessions and was condemned in absentia, his property confiscated, and his son, Philip William, Count of Buren, seized and sent to Spain (same, p. 50–52, 106, 108, 110).

10.

This is the capture, in April 1572, of Brielle, Zeeland, by the “Sea Beggars,” essentially pirates operating under letters of marque from William and preying on the towns and commerce along the Dutch coast. It established what had been lacking before, a permanent base of operations for the forces loyal to William I (same, p. 131–134).

11.

On 29 Nov. 1573, Don Luis de Requesens, governor of Lombardy, was sworn in as the Duke of Alva's replacement. Requesens maintained military pressure on the rebels, but, unlike Alva, was willing to negotiate with William's representatives. His death in March 1576 ended the possibility of a settlement, but the lack of a successor created a power vacuum that the Dutch rebels were quick to exploit (same, p. 163–171).

12.

Signed on 8 Nov. 1576, the Pacification of Ghent ended the second revolt. The agreement between the Prince of Orange and the provinces of Holland and Zeeland as well as the States General representing the other provinces provided for an end to fighting between the provinces and the expulsion of Spanish troops from the Netherlands. When that had been accomplished, a States General of the seventeen provinces united by Charles V in 1548 would meet to settle religious and national issues (same, p. 176–178).

13.

The Pacification of Ghent, to which all 117seventeen Dutch provinces were a party and which included at least a nominal recognition of Spanish rule, reflected William I's intention to unify the Low Countries, but by 1579 religious differences combined to make a north-south division permanent. On 6 Jan. 1579 the provinces of Hainaut and Artois joined in the Union of Arras and by February were joined by the Walloon provinces. This combination of the southern, Catholic provinces opened negotiations and ultimately was reconciled with Philip II. On 23 Jan. 1579 the northern, Protestant provinces, led by Holland and Zeeland, signed the Union of Utrecht. This agreement provided the territorial and political foundation for the Dutch Republic, and insured that it would continue the struggle against Spain (same, p. 194–195).

14.

Spain had long encouraged plots to assassinate William of Orange, but none were successful until 10 July 1584, when a young Catholic zealot, Balthazar Gérard, shot William twice at his Delft residence (same, p. 207; Rowen, Princes of Orange , p. 30).

15.

This is Maurice of Nassau, son of William of Orange, who was sixteen years old when his father died. By 1589, Maurice was Stadholder of five provinces and commander of the United Provinces' southern military forces. It was in his military rather than his political capacity that he had the most impact. Maurice was a gifted commander and it was largely through his efforts that the United Provinces were cleared of Spanish forces and the Twelve Years' Truce of 1609, which he personally opposed, was made possible (Rowen, Princes of Orange , p. 32–55).

16.

Foreign assistance had long been seen as necessary in the struggle against Spain. After William's death, the States General approached both France and England. France refused, but Elizabeth I agreed to send an army commanded by Robert Dudley, earl of Leicester. Leicester landed at Flushing in Dec. 1585 and was appointed governor general of the United Provinces. His administrative and military incompetence, however, soon made him unpopular and brought little change in the Dutch situation vis-à-vis Spain. Leicester's accomplishments were few, but by the time of his recall in 1587 Dutch independence was fully established (same, p. 34–36; Parker, Dutch Revolt , p. 216–221).

17.

This was Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma, son of the former governess general. Parma served as governor from 1578 to his death in 1592 and was the architect of the Union of Arras. A skilled military leader, he might well have reconquered the northern provinces, at least to Holland's border, had he not been sent to France in 1590 to oppose Henry of Navarre, or had he received adequate support from Philip II (Parker, Dutch Revolt , p. 193–195, 208–216, 221–230).

18.

George Monck, 1st duke of Albemarle, had a long and distinguished military career. He began in the service of Charles I, but later served Oliver Cromwell, whom he greatly admired. Upon Cromwell's death, however, Monck became convinced that the nation's welfare demanded that the monarchy be reestablished and he became a principle instrument for the restoration of Charles II in 1660 ( DNB ).

19.

Probably a reference to David Hume's Political Discourses, Edinburgh, 1752, which had considerable influence on Adam Smith. The volume included essays on a variety of economic topics, including “Of Public Credit.”