Papers of John Adams, volume 4
1776-06-24
The Committee appointed to consider what Harbours are proper to be fortified,1 have attended that Service, and come to the following Resolutions. vizt
Resolved as the opinion of this Committee, that the Harbour of Cape Ann, in the Colony of Massachusetts Bay, ought to be fortified, and to this End that Twenty Pieces of large Cannon, with Ten Eighteen Pounders and Ten Twenty four Pounders, be procured at the Continental Expence and sent to that Place, and that the Commanding officer in the Eastern Department be directed to order an Engineer to dispose of said Cannon to the best Advantage for the Defence of that Harbour, and also to order a sufficient Number of Troops there to do the necessary Work.
Resolved That Twenty two Pieces of heavy Cannon, Eighteen and Twenty four Pounders, be furnished at the Expence of the Continent for the Fortification of the Harbour of New London, and that Governor Trumbull be impowered to raise three Companies of Troops on the Continental Establishment of Pay, Rations, and Disbursements, to be stationed at New London to Garrison the Forts there and defend the Harbour.
Resolved that the Marine Committee be impowered and instructed, to build, Man and equip two large Row Gallies for the Defence of little Egg Harbour, so called, in the Colony of New Jersey.2
printed:
JCC
, 5:476.
On 23 March the congress, after adopting a set of resolutions for fitting out armed vessels to prey on British shipping, passed a “secret” resolution establishing a committee on fortifying harbors for defense and the reception of prizes. The committee members chosen were Benjamin Harrison, JA, Joseph Hewes, Robert Morris, and William Whipple. On 15 April the committee was directed to request Washington to have New England ports examined by a qualified person. The committee's letter to the General of 17 April is in DLC: Washington Papers. Richard Gridley and Henry Knox in-16spected the harbors of Cape Ann and New London respectively. In replying to the committee, Washington mistakenly referred to the committee's letter of 14 April. Washington forwarded Gridley's report on 8 June (
JCC
, 4:233, 283 and notes; Washington, Writings, ed. Fitzpatrick, 4:504; 5:109–110).
When this report was presented on 24 June, the congress ordered it tabled and empowered the committee to draw on the treasurer for money enough to have the ports surveyed and examined (
JCC
, 5:476).
1776-08-27
Whereas it is probable, that among the Officers of the foreign Troops, now in the Service of the King of Great Britain, there may be many, of liberal Minds, possessed of just Sentiments of the Rights of human Nature and the inestimable Value of Freedom; who may be prompted, by the Feelings of Humanity, and a just Indignation at the disgracefull service to which they are devoted by an infamous Contract between two arbitrary sovereigns and at the Insult offered to them by compelling them to War against an innocent People, who never offended them, nor the Nation to which they belong, but are only contending for their just Rights; to abandon renounce So dishonourable a service. Therefore Resolved that all such Officers who shall forsake abandon the Service
On 26 Aug. Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, and JA were appointed a committee to consider a letter of 22 Aug. from Col. James Wilson of the Flying Camp at Amboy, N.J. (
JCC
, 5:705). The letter noted previous efforts to encourage desertion and called for a new appeal that, unlike the others, would make a distinction between officers and men in the inducements proffered (PCC, No. 78, XXIII, f. 301). The committee met and produced a report that has not been found, since it was probably used as a printer's copy, and that was adopted on 27 Aug. The resolution of the congress took the form of an address to the officers of the foreign troops, calling on them to desert and offering land in varying amounts according to rank (
JCC
, 5:707–708). The appeal was immediately translated into German, printed, and distributed, probably under the direction of Franklin, but only a single copy of that document has been found. For Christopher Ludwick's efforts among Hessians, see Jonathan Bayard Smith to JA, 28 Aug., note 2 (below).
Although American attempts to encourage desertion have been well chronicled by L. H. Butterfield in “Psychological Warfare in 1776: The Jefferson-Franklin Plan to Cause Hessian Desertion” (Amer. Philos. Soc., Procs.
, 94 [1950]:233–241), some acknowledgment of JA's contribution to the appeal made to foreign officers is in order. The preamble printed here was not rejected but was substituted, with minor changes in word order, for the preamble in Jefferson's draft of the appeal. The latter called attention to the earlier appeal of 14 Aug., which had been directed to foreign soldiers 17generally, and offered the “blessings of peace, liberty, property and mild government, on their relinquishing the disgraceful office on which they had been sent hither” (Jefferson, Papers
, 1:509–510;
JCC
, 5:653–655). JA's language, beginning with the words “there may be many, of liberal Minds” continuing to “to renounce So dishonourable a service,” was adopted instead (
JCC
, 5:707–708). JA rekindled some of the fire that marked the earlier appeal to German soldiers.