Adams Family Correspondence, volume 14

Editorial Note

“To morrow morning we set out upon our tour into Silesia, where you shall accompany us if you please,” John Quincy Adams wrote to his brother Thomas Boylston Adams on 16 July (above). So began a fourteen-week journey by John Quincy and Louisa Catherine Adams through what is now southern Poland and southern Germany. John Quincy promised to chronicle the trip in a series of letters, adding that should the first one prove “tiresome” Thomas Boylston should reseal it and send it to Abigail Adams, whose “mother’s heart will fill it with all the interest of which it may be destitute in itself” (No. I, below).

It was a good time for the Adamses to travel. John Quincy had little diplomatic business to attend to after the successful negotiation of the Prussian-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce of 1799. He hoped some of the information conveyed in his letters might prove valuable to the U.S. government: “I presume those parts of them, which relate to commerce & the manufactures will meet the eye, & as far as proper the attention of the President” (No. III, below). Rather than a boon to diplomacy, the tour proved a rare hiatus from public life, one he called “a period during which I have lived in a blissful ignorance of politics, & news” (JQA to William Vans Murray, 15 Sept. 1800, LbC, APM Reel 134).

The trip was also intended to benefit the health of Louisa Catherine, who had suffered a fourth miscarriage a few months earlier. John Quincy told his father-in-law, Joshua Johnson, that they traded the unhealthy Berlin summer for “a long and fatiguing journey, though into a country calculated by the variety of entertainment which it would afford to amuse 307 the mind, to make the time seem short, and to turn weariness itself into pleasure” (10 Dec., below). Louisa Catherine, once again pregnant, gamely undertook some of the more arduous excursions, even as she experienced bouts of illness. After indisposition kept her from a sunrise ascent of the Giant’s Head mountain, John Quincy voiced his surprised pleasure when on the descent “who should we meet but Louisa, whose headache had left her as the day advanced, & who after coming so far had determined not to return & leave the most important object upon our tour unseen” (No. IV, below). The single letter from Louisa to her father printed here is her only extant correspondence during the trip. She provides her perspective on cities and towns visited, calling one “old and dirty” but describing another as “the most romantic and beautiful spot I ever beheld” (No. VIII, below).

John Quincy's Silesia series comprises 28 letters in two sets: seventeen written while he traveled and eleven composed after his return to Berlin. Daily events of the trip are narrated in the letters from the road, which are numbered 1 to 17 and span the dates 20 July to 24 September; eight of them are printed here. In writing these John Quincy often referred to a travel account by Johann Friedrich Zöllner, whom he had met in Berlin in February: Briefe über Schlesien, Krakau, Wieliczka, und die Grafschaft Glatz auf einer Reise im Jahr 1791, 2 vols., Berlin, 1792–1793, a copy of which with Charles Francis Adams’ bookplate is in John Quincy’s library at the Adams National Historical Park. He resumed the Silesia series from his desk in Berlin on 20 December 1800 and completed it on 17 March 1801, writing letters numbered 19 to 29, a single example of which is printed here. This second group details the history, economy, culture, and literature of Silesia. Much of the information is drawn from Karl Ludwig von Klober und Hellscheborn, Von Schlesien vor und seit dem Jar MDCCXXXX, 2 vols., Freiburg, 1785, also with Charles Francis’ bookplate at the Adams National Historical Park. Between the two sets of correspondence, on 3 December John Quincy wrote a letter to his brother numbered 18, but as it is primarily on other subjects the editors chose to print it at its date, below.

The letters John Quincy and Louisa Catherine wrote from Silesia provide a portrait of the people and places of central Europe at the dawn of the nineteenth century. Although the region in the summer of 1800 had not entirely escaped recent political, social, and economic upheaval, it was near the end of a period of relative stability. The Adamses explored a land still entrenched in a feudal past, a way of life the Napoleonic Wars and industrialization would soon sweep away. The lives of inhabitants of all socioeconomic classes were a favorite subject, described in portraits of peasants, soldiers, innkeepers, mountain guides, artisans, and merchants. They also commented at length on the natural world, using the language of the sublime and picturesque in writing about mountains and waterfalls in vivid detail. The sunrise from the Giant’s Head is one example, with John Quincy describing “the borders of the horison at the east gradually reddening” before “the great luminary arose in all his glory from the low cloud” (No. IV, below). The Adamses’ servants, Tilly Whitcomb and Elizabeth 308 Epps, accompanied them on their excursions and also made occasional appearances in the letters.

John Quincy’s secretary, Thomas Welsh Jr., remained in Berlin while the Adamses traveled, and the minister sent his letters to Welsh, who copied them into Letterbook No. 10 before sending them on to Thomas Boylston in the United States. Thomas Boylston then offered his older brother’s letters for publication to friend Joseph Dennie Jr., who sought material for his upcoming Philadelphia literary magazine, the Port Folio. Thomas Boylston informed John Quincy of his plan in a 26 October letter, not found, and wrote again on 6 December that he would go ahead and provide Dennie with “copious extracts” of the letters (below). John Quincy responded on 27 December that he had no objection to their publication, although he added, “There will undoubtedly be some passages in the letters not proper for publication, & I can safely depend upon your discretion for omitting them” (LbC, APM Reel 134). William Vans Murray wrote a letter to John Quincy while he was still on tour suggesting that the letters be published, advice that prompted him to continue the series after his return to Berlin. In his response, John Quincy made it clear that he too had mulled publication, but he demurred. After receiving the first numbers of the Port Folio he again asserted that the letters were intended as private: “Their publication was no plan of mine— I wrote them to my brother for the amusement & information of my most intimate relations, without an idea, that they would ever be printed— My brother allowed them to be published, without waiting for my consent, but presuming justly upon my approbation” (Murray to JQA, 10 Oct. 1800, Adams Papers; JQA to Murray, 30 Oct.; 17 March 1801; 7 April, LbC’s, APM Reel 134).

Dennie published the letters in the Port Folio in an anonymous series titled “Journal of a Tour through Silesia.” The author was an exceptional travel writer, Dennie told his readers in the first issue: “It will be obvious to every intelligent reader that it has been made by no vulgar traveller, but by a man of genius and observation” (Port Folio, 1:1 [3 Jan. 1801]). John Quincy wrote to Thomas Boylston on 21 March 1801 (Adams Papers) that while he was “truly gratified by the terms of approbation with which he introduces the Silesian letters,” Dennie should refrain from praise in future issues. The letters appeared in 44 of the first 45 weekly issues dated 3 January to 7 November 1801, with thirteen letters appearing in single issues, fourteen serialized in two installments, and one split between three. Dennie numbered the published installments from I to XLIV.

None of the recipient’s copies of the Silesia letters have been found. The letterbook transcriptions are presented here for the first time, providing the full letters without redactions of personal information, sensitive political opinions, and accounts of current events in Europe that were excised from the printed version and are described in the notes below. While the redacted material is not voluminous, it is of significant interest, including John Quincy’s comments on Abigail’s anticipated reaction to the letters, his suggestion that nuns in a Silesian convent feared that Louisa 309 Catherine and Elizabeth Epps were “turkish men in disguise,” his description of a weaver’s recognition of the name Adams, and his statement that “every american patriot” ought to favor greater economic independence for the United States (Nos. I, II, and III, all below). Readers should keep in mind that Welsh was an imperfect copyist, with misspellings attributable to him rather than John Quincy. John Quincy’s Diary for the period, D/JQA/24, APM Reel 27, should also be consulted.

In addition to their publication in the Port Folio, an unauthorized edition of the Silesia letters was published in London in 1804 as John Quincy Adams, Letters on Silesia, Written during a Tour through that Country in the Years 1800, 1801, the first book that attributed authorship to him. A review in the Edinburgh Review criticized the “son of the American president” for a work that displayed a “want of originality.” John Quincy expressed misgivings about the London publication, writing in his Diary that he had spoken too freely about public figures in Europe who could read the letters. German and French translations followed that also credited John Quincy as the author: Briefe über Schlesien: Geschrieben auf einer in dem Jahre 1800 durch dieses Land unternommenen Reise, transl. Friedrich Gotthelf Friese, Breslau, 1805, and Lettres sur la Silésie: Écrites en 1800 et 1801, durant le cours d’un voyage fait dans cette province, transl. J. Dupuy, Paris, 1807.

The Silesia letters of John Quincy and Louisa Catherine Adams offer insight into their lives during a rare period away from the demands of diplomacy and court life. The correspondence, too, provides an invaluable view of a region on the cusp of cultural transformation as chronicled by erudite travelers with an eye for telling detail (JQA to Joseph Pitcairn, 29 July 1800, OCHP:Joseph Pitcairn Letters; JQA to Welsh, 6 Aug., LbC, APM Reel 134; Kirsten Belgum, “The Culture of Borrowing: Transnational Influence in Travel Writing around 1800,” Studies in Travel Writing, 19:19, 26 [2015]; Walter J. Morris, “John Quincy Adams’s German Library, with a Catalog of His German Books,” Amer. Philos. Soc., Procs. , 118:328, 330 [13 Sept. 1974]; D/JQA/27, 13 Feb. 1800, 20 Sept. 1804, APM Reel 30; Linda K. Kerber and Walter J. Morris, “Politics and Literature: The Adams Family and the Port Folio,” WMQ, 23:454, 458–459 [July 1966]; S. D. Stirk, “John Quincy Adams’s Letters on Silesia,” NEQ , 9:485–499 [Sept. 1936]; Edinburgh Review, 5:180, 181 [Oct. 1804]).

John Quincy Adams to Thomas Boylston Adams, 20 July 1800 Adams, John Quincy Adams, Thomas Boylston

I. John Quincy Adams to Thomas Boylston Adams

No: 1. Frankfort on the Oder. 20. July. 1800.

As I have bespoke your company, upon our journey into Silesia, I begin this letter at our first resting station from Berlin— Hitherto we have indeed seen little more than the usual Brandenburg sands, & 310 perhaps you will find our tour as tiresome as we have found it ourselves— I cannot promise you an amusing journey, though I hope it will prove so to us;1 & if at the sight of this my first letter on this occasion, you think it looks too long, & appears likely to prove tiresome, seal it up, unread, & send it to Quincy, where a mother’s heart will fill it with all the interest of which it may be destitute in itself—Will give life to the narrative, & spirit to every remark.— My letters to you on this tour will be in the form & serve as the substitute of a journal— They will of course be fragments written at different times & places, nay perhaps in different humours— Therefore make up your account, to receive patiently all my tediousness, or as I said before, bestow it all upon my mother, to whom in that case you may consider all my future letters untill we return to Berlin, & numbered in a series from this, as addressed.

On Thursday the 17th: instt. we left Berlin just after three in the morning, & arrived here at about nine the same evening— The distance is ten German miles & a quarter, which you know is a very long day’s journey in this country— In the course of a few years it will be an easy journey of eight hours; for the present king, who has the very laudable ambition of improving the roads through his dominions, is now making a turn pike road like that to Potsdam, the whole way hither; as yet not more than one German mile of it is finished, & the rest of the way, is like that which on every side surrounds the Tadmor of modern times—2 As we approach within a few miles of Frankfort, the country becomes somewhat more hilly, & of course more variagated & pleasant than round Berlin; but we could peceive little difference in the downy softness of the ground beneath us, or in the needles of the pines within our view— Part of the country is cultivated as much as it is succeptible of cultivation, & here & there we could see scattered spires of wheat, rye, barley & oaths, shoot from the sands, like the hairs upon a head almost bald— We came through few villages, & those few had a miserable appearance— A meagre composition of mud & thatch composed the cottages, in which a ragged & pallid race of beggars reside; yet we must be unjust & confess that we passed by one nobleman’ seat, which had the appearance of a handsome & comfortable house.

We arrived here just in time to see the last dregs of an annual fair, such as you have often seen in the towns of Holland, & as you know are customary in those of Germany— But we hear great complaints against the minister Struensee, for having ruined the value of the fair, by prohibiting the sale of foreign wollen manufactures, which 311 have heretofore been the most essential articles of sale at this fair—3 This prohibition is for the sake of encouraging the manufactures of this country; a principle, which the government pursues on all possible occasions— They are not converts to the opinions of Adam Smith, & the french oeconomists concerning the balance of trade, & always catch with delight at any thing, which can prevent money from going out the country. Of this disposition we have seen a notable instance in the attempts lately made here for producing sugar from beets, of which I believe you heard something while you were here, & about which much has been said & done since then. At one time we were assured beyond all question, that one mile square of beets would furnish sugar for the whole Prussian dominions— The question was submitted to a committee of the Academy of Sciences, who after long examination & deliberation reported, that in truth, sugar, & even brandy, could be produced from beets, & in process of time might be raised in great quantities; but that for the present it would be expedient to continue the use of sugars & brandies such as had been in use hitherto— Since this report we have heard little, or nothing of beet sugar.4

This is an old Town, pleasantly situated, & containing about twelve thousand inhabitants, of which a quarter part are Jews— It is therefore distinguished by those peculiarities, which mark all European towns, where a large proportion of Israelites reside, & to express which I suppose resort must be had to the Hebrew language— The english at least is inadequate to it; for the word filth conveys an idea of spotless purity in comparison to the jewish nastiness— The garrison of the town consits of one regiment— There is likewise an University here, & by the introduction of a letter from Berlin we have become acquainted with two of the professors—5 The number of the students is less than two hundred; & of them, one hundred & fifty are students of Law, ten or fifteen of Divinity, & not more than two, or three, of medicine— The library, the museum, & the botanical garden, the professors tell me, are all so miserable that they are ashamed to show them.

The banks of the Oder on one side are bordered with small hills, upon which at small distances, are little summer houses with vineyards at which during summer, many inhabitants of the town reside— On the other side the land is flat, & the river is restrained from overflowing only by a large dyke, which has been built since the year 1785— At that time the river broke down the smaller dyke, which had untill then existed, & overflowed the country to a 312 considerable extent— Prince Leopold of Brunswick, a brother of the present reigning duke, was then colonel of the regiment in garrison here, & lost his life in attempting to save some of the people, whom the inundation was carrying away— You have probably seen prints of this melancholy accident, & there is an account of it in the last editions of Moore’s travels. (I mean his first work.) There is a small monument erected in honor of the prince, upon the spot where the body was found.6 It was done by the free masons of this place; of which society he was a member— But there is nothing remarkable in it— There is likewise in the burying ground a little monument, or rather tombstone, to Kleest, one of the most celebrated German poets, whom his countrymen call their Thomson— He was an officer in the service of Frederic the second, & was killed at the battle of Cunersdorf, a village distant only a couple of miles from this place.7

Just at the gate of the town, there is a spring of mineral water, at which a bathing house has been built with accommodations for lodgers— This bath has been considerably frequented for some years past; & the physicians of the town say that the waters are as good as those of Freyenwalde. I am willing to believe them as good as Toplitz; for my faith in mineral waters in general was not much edified by the success of our tour there last summer.8

22. July—

Still at Frankfurt— We had left Berlin, without being fully aware of the precise nature of the journey we had undertaken, & had not thought of taking with us furs, & winter cloathing for a tour in the dog days— But one of the professors, whose acquaintance we have made here, has formerly gone the same journey, and from his representations, we have been induced to send back to Berlin for thick cloathing, & this circumstance has prolonged our stay here, a couple of days more than we at first intended— Yesterday we took a ride of three, or four miles to the country seat of a Mr de Schöning, the Landrath of the circle— The functions of his Office are to collect the territorial taxes within a certain district called a circle, which is a subdivision of the province— You know the importance & extent of this title of Rath, or councillor, in the constitutions of the German states— It is a general name designating every officer in all the subordinate parts of the administration; & sometimes a mere honorary title, which Frederic the second by way of joke once granted to a person, upon condition, that he should never presume to give any council— For the principle upon which the name is founded is, that 313 the person holding the title gives the king occasionally, council; & the first part of it usually designates the particular department in which he gives it—

Mr Schöning & his lady received us with great kindness & hospitality—9 From the neighbouring of their house, & on our return we had the pleasure of agreable prospects of the town, the river & the country beyond it; though this has not much variety, nor any thing remarkably striking.

Not far beyond Mr Schöning’ house is a canal, joining the Oder to the Spree, by means of which a water communication is established between the Baltic & the North Sea; there is likewise a similar canal between the Oder & the Vistula.— Frederic the second made several of these junctions of rivers during his reign, & some had been made by his predecessors. Their benefit in facilitating the intercourse between the several parts of Germany, & of all with Poland would be still greater than it is, if it were not counteracted by that mutual jealousy, which bars the passages between the dominions of neighbouring & rival princes—

At a distance of about two German miles from this, resides Count Finkenstein of Madlitz, a son of the venerable old Minister of State, who died last winter; & whose lady & daughters you have seen at Berlin— He was formerly President of the judicial tribunal at Cüstrin, but was dimissed by Frederic the second, on the occasion of the Miller Arnold’s famous law suit—An instance in which the great king from mere love of justice, committed the greatest injustice, that ever cast a shade upon his character— His anxiety upon that occasion to prove to the world that his in his courts of justice, the beggar should be upon the same footing of right as the prince, made him forget that in substantial justice the maxim ought to bear alike upon both sides, & that the prince should obtain his right as much as the begger— Count Finkenstein, & several other judges of the court at Cüstrin, together with the high chancellor Fürst, were all dismissed from their places for doing their duty, & persisting in it, contrary to the will of the king, who substituting his ideas of natural equity in the place of prescriptions of positive law, treated them with the utmost severity, for conduct, which ought to have received his fullest approbation.— Since that time Count Finkenstein has lived upon this estate of his, cultivating his farm, & in the converse of the Muses; we have not had time & opportunity during our stay here to visit him; he & his family being at this time absent from his seat; but we are told that no lands in the province are in so 314 flourishing a condition as his; & as he unites the pursuits of literature with those of farming, he has published a translation of Theocritus in German verse—10 We propose to continue our Journey this day as far as Crossen—

Your’s—11

LbC in Thomas Welsh Jr.’s hand (Adams Papers); internal address: “T B. Adams. Esqr:”; APM Reel 134.

The remainder of this sentence and the portion of the final sentence of the paragraph following “tediousness” is omitted in the Port Folio, 1:1–2 (3 Jan. 1801).

Tadmor was the ancient name for Palmyra, an oasis in the Syrian desert northeast of Damascus.

The St. Margaret fair was held for two weeks in July in Frankfurt an der Oder, one of three annual fairs in the city that were among the most important markets in Europe. Imported goods sold at the fair were subject to protective bans, a centerpiece of the economic policies of Karl August von Struensee (1735–1804), Prussia’s minister of finance (J. R. McCulloch, A Dictionary, Practical, Theoretical, and Historical, of Commerce and Commercial Navigation, rev. edn., London, 1838, p. 576; J. G. Fichte, The Closed Commercial State, transl. Anthony Curtis Adler, Albany, N.Y., 2012, p. 213).

In 1747 Prussian chemist Andreas Sigismund Marggraf discovered that sugar could be extracted from beets. His student Franz Karl Achard perfected the process, and in 1799 a panel of Prussian chemists presented Frederick William III with a loaf of beet sugar. In the same year Achard published his work “Procédé d’extraction du sucre de bette,” Annales de chimie, 32:163–168 (An. VIII, 30 brumaire [21 Nov. 1799]), and the report prompted Frederick William III to establish a beet-sugar factory at Cunern, Silesia (now Konary, Wolów, Poland) (Henry Keller and others, Report of the Senate Committee on the Beet-Sugar Industry in Minnesota, St. Paul, Minn., 1897, p. 7).

Viadrina University operated in Frankfurt an der Oder from 1506 to 1811, after which it was moved to Breslau (now Wrocław, Poland). JQA carried a letter from a Mr. Ditmar in Berlin to Johann Gottlob Schneider (1750–1822), a classical philologist. Schneider then introduced him to Karl Dietrich Hüllmann (1765–1846), a historian (Hans N. Weiler, “Conceptions of Knowledge and Institutional Realities: Reflections on the Creation of a New University in Eastern Germany,” Oxford Review of Education, 20:431 [1994]; D/JQA/24, 18 July 1800, APM Reel 27; Johann Heinrich Merck, Briefwechsel, ed. Ulrike Leuschner and others, 5 vols., Göttingen, Germany, 2007, 1:419; Brockhaus’ Konversations-Lexikon, 17 vols., Leipzig, 1892–1897).

Prince Leopold of Brunswick (1752–1785) was the younger brother of Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick. The prince’s drowning on 27 April 1785 was noted in John Moore, A View of Society and Manners in France, Switzerland, and Germany, 6th rev. edn., 2 vols., London, 1786, 2:80 (vol. 9:306; Hoefer, Nouv. biog. générate).

Ewald Christian von Kleist (b. 1715), a poet and Prussian Army officer, was wounded during the Battle of Kunersdorf in 1759. He died on 24 Aug. in Frankfurt an der Oder, where a monument marks his grave. Kleist’s best known work, the 1749 “Der Fruhling,” was inspired by James Thomson’s The Seasons (Peter Clive, Schubert and His World: A Biographical Dictionary, Oxford, 1997; Franz Adolph Moschzisker, A Guide to German Literature, 2 vols., London, 1850).

JQA and LCA visited the mineral springs at Töplitz, Bohemia (now Teplice, Czech Republic), from 24 July to 9 Sept. 1799, for which see vol. 13:539.

Baron Carl Heinrich von Schöning (1750–1824) resided at Lossow, five miles south of Frankfurt an der Oder, and served as administrator of the Lubusz district. Schöning was twice married, first to Charlotte von Beerfelde and then to her sister Amalie (D/JQA/24, 21 July 1800, APM Reel 27; Rolf Straubel, Biographisches Handbuch der Preussischen Verwaltungs- und Justizbeamten 1740–1806/15, 2 vols., Munich, 2009).

10.

Count Friedrich Ludwig Karl Finck von Finckenstein (1745–1818) was the son of Prussian statesman Count Karl Wilhelm Finck von Finckenstein (b. 1714), who died on 3 315 Jan. 1800 after more than sixty years of diplomatic service. Count Friedrich was married to Caroline Wilhelmine Albertine von Schönburg-Glauchau (1748–1810), and their daughters were Henriette (1774–1847) and Louise (1779–1812). He served with Prussian chancellor Carl Joseph von Fürst on a tribunal at Küstrin (now Kostrzyn, Poland) judging the case of Christian Arnold, which was heard from 1774 to 1779. Arnold, a miller, and his wife, Rosine, sought redress when their property was confiscated for nonpayment of a lease after a neighboring nobleman diverted their millstream. The tribunal ruled against the Arnolds, but Frederick II intervened, reversed the ruling, and dismissed the judges. A decade later, Count Friedrich published a German translation of Theocritus, Arethusa; oder, die Bukolischen Dichter des Altertums, Berlin, 1789 (Deutsche Biographie, www.deutsche-biographie.de; Ludwig Achim von Arnim, Werke und Briefwechsel, ed. Heinz Härtl, Ursula Härtl, and others, 40 vols., Berlin, 2000–2014, 32:1083; David M. Luebke, “Frederick the Great and the Celebrated Case of the Millers Arnold (1770–1779): A Reappraisal,” Central European History, 32:379, 381–383, 387 [1999]).

11.

JQA’s second letter in the series was dated 23 July 1800 (LbC, APM Reel 134) and described textile manufacturing at Crossen (now Krosno Odrzańskie, Poland) and Grünburg (now Ziel ona Góra) and commented on women’s fashions. The letter was printed in the Port Folio, 1:9–10 (10 Jan. 1801).