Papers of John Adams, volume 13

I. To Robert R. Livingston

Editorial Note

II. John Adams’ Draft of a Dutch-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce and Proposals for Revisions: [22 August 1782] II. John Adams’ Draft of a Dutch-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce and Proposals for Revisions: [22 August 1782]
II. John Adams’ Draft of a Dutch-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce and Proposals for Revisions
22 August 1782
Editorial Note Editorial Note
Editorial Note

Two separate documents are presented here. The first is derived from the printed Dutch translation of John Adams’ English draft of a treaty of amity and commerce, accompanied by “Remarques en nadere Propositie” (Remarks and Further Propositions), that was officially presented to Adams on 22 August. The Dutch translation of the draft appears in the left column. In the right column are the “Remarques,” which are (with one notable exception, for which see note 1) keyed to numbered italicized passages in the draft on the left. Most of these proposals, even those regarding a single word, are substantive; however, some are merely textual, intended to correct errors in the translation (see, for example, note 10). Note also that in some instances there are unnumbered italicized words or passages that were intended for deletion with no revision or replacement indicated. The second document consists of the reconstructed English text of Adams’ draft in the left column and an English translation of the Dutch remarks in the right column. For the editors’ decision to reconstruct the draft rather than translate it from the Dutch, see the editorial note to the group document, above.

The reconstruction was possible because by comparing the Dutch text of the draft and the language of the final treaty (No. VIII, below), it was clear that Adams used two sources when he drafted the treaty. He began263 with Congress’ 29 December 1780 plan for a Dutch-American treaty (vol. 10:451–458). Articles 1 through 22 of the draft correspond to Articles 1 through 21 of the treaty plan, the numbering discrepancy owing to one article being the reciprocal of another, for which see note 20. For matters not covered in the treaty plan, Adams then turned to the Lee-Neufville Treaty of 4 September 1778 (Adams Papers; printed: Wharton, Dipl. Corr. Amer. Rev ., 2:789–798). From this source he took Articles 10, 29, 30, 31, and 32, which correspond to Articles 24 through 28 of the draft treaty, as well as the passport and certificate to be given to American merchant ships. Only Articles 23, 29, and 30 were Adams’ own work. Article 23 does not appear in the final treaty and is translated directly from the Dutch. Articles 29 and 30 do appear in the final treaty, and the text for them there has been used here.

With regard to the English translation of the “Remarques en nadere Propositie” appearing in the right column, it should be noted that the printed Dutch text that Adams received on 22 August, which served as the basis for negotiations, included remarks, proposals, and deletions in an unknown hand, all stemming from proposals adopted by Amsterdam on 9 August (Adams Papers). Those handwritten passages, in both Dutch and English, have been underlined to differentiate them from the rest of the text. The English text of the remarks and proposals is derived from two sources. When a proposal was rejected, or for some other reason was not included in the final treaty, it has been translated directly from the Dutch, but when a Dutch proposal was incorporated more or less verbatim into the treaty, the English text of the passage as it appears in the final treaty has been used, with such instances being indicated in the annotation (but see also John Adams’ responses to the Dutch proposals in No. III, below).

Dutch Translation of John Adams’ Draft of a Dutch-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce and Proposals for Revisions Dutch Translation of John Adams’ Draft of a Dutch-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce and Proposals for Revisions
Dutch Translation of John Adams' Draft of a Dutch-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce and Proposals for Revisions
Dutch Translation of John Adams’ Draft of a Dutch-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce and Proposals for Revisions, 23 April 1782; 22 August 1782 JA Netherlands, States General of JA Netherlands, States General of

1782-04-23

1782-08-22

Dutch Translation of John Adams’ Draft of a Dutch-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce and Proposals for Revisions, 23 April 1782; 22 August 1782 Adams, John Netherlands, States General of Adams, John Netherlands, States General of
Dutch Translation of John Adams' Draft of a Dutch-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce and Proposals for Revisions

Een Tractaat1 hn1 Van Vriendschap en Commercie, tusschen haar Hoog Mogende, de Staaten Generaal (1) van de 264zeven vereenigde Nederlandsche Provincien,2 en de vereenigde Staaten (2) van America,3 te weeten New-Hampshire, (3) Massachu-setts, Rhode Island,4 Connecti-cutt, New-York, New-Jersey, Pensylvania, (4) Delaware, Mary-land, Virginia, Noord-Carolina, Znid-Carolina en Georgia.hn2

Haar Hoog Mogende de Staaten Generaal (1)hn3 van de zeven vereenigde Nederlandsche Provincien, en de vereenigde Staaten (2)hn4 van America, te weeten New-Hampshire, Massachusets, Rhode Island en Providence Plantations, Connecticutt, New-York, New-Jersey, Pensylvanien, Delaware, Maryland, Virginien, Noord-Carolina, Zuid-Carolina en Georgien, geneegen zynde, op een bestendige en billyke wyze te (3)hn5 fixeeren, de regelen, die in acht genoomen moeten worden, ten opzigte van de Correspondentie en Commercie welke zy verlangen vast te stellen tusschen haare respective Landen, Staaten, (4) Burgeren5 hn6 en Onderdaanen, hebben geoordeelt, dat het gezegde einde niet beeter kan worden bereikt, dan door (5) het stellen hn7 tot een basis van haar Verdrag, de volmaakste egaliteit en reciprociteit, en (6) door zorgvuldiglyk te vermyden hn8 alle die lastige Praeserentien, dewelke doorgaans de bronäders zyn van twist, verwarring en misnoegen; (7) door insgelyks hn9 iedere Party de vryheid te laaten, om wegens de Commercie en Navigatie (8) zulke interieure hn10 Reglementen te maaken, als die voor zig zelven het gevoeglykst zal oordeelen; en door de voordeelen van Commercie eeniglyk te (9) fundeeren hn11 op wederzyds nut, en de juiste regels van vyre handel over en weer; reserveerende by alles aan 265iedere Parthy de vryheid, om, na desselfs goedvinden, ande Natien te admitteeren tot het participeeren (10) van hn12 deselfde voordeelen.6

Op deeze grondbeginzelen, (11) voorgemelde hn13 haar Hoog Mogende de Staaten Generaal (12)7 van de zeven vereenigde Provincien, hebbende benoemt en geconstitueert tot haaren Plenipotentiaris:hn14

En de gemelde vereenigde Staaten van (13)hn15 America, hebbende van hunne zyde met Volmagt voorzien, den Heer John Adams, laatst Commissaris van de vereenigde Staaten van (14)hn16 America aan het Hof van Versailes, geweesen Asgevaardigde op het Congres wegens de Staaten van Massachusetts Baay,8 en Opper-Regter van den gemelden Start.

(14) De voornoemde Plenipotentiarissen,hn17 na uitwisseling van hunne Volmagten, en na rype deliberatie, hebben geconcludeert en geresolveert op de volgende Articulen.

Art. I9 hn18

Daar zal een vaste, onverbreekelyke, en universeele Vreede, en opregte vriendschap zyn, tusschen haar Hoog Mog de (1) Staaten (2) van de zeven vereenigde Nederlandsche Provincien,hn19 en de vereenigde Staa-266ten van (3)hn20 America, en de Onderdaanen, Burgers en Ingezeetenen van de voornoemde Parthyen, en tusschen de Landen, Eilanden, Steden en Plaatsen, gelegen onder de Jurisdictie van de gemelde vereenigde (4) Nederlandsche Provincien hn21 en de gemelde de vereenigde Staaten van America, en de (5)hn22 Burgers, Volkeren en Inwoonders van deselve van allerley staat, zonder onderscheid van Persoonen, (6)hn23 of Geslagten.10

267 hn24 II.12 hn25

De Onderdaanen van de gemelde Staaten (1) der hn26 Nederlanden, zullen in de Havens, Rheeden, Landen, Eilanden, Steden of Plaatsen van de vereenigde Staaten van America, of eenige van dezelve, geen andere of grootere Regten of Impositien, van wat natuur die ook mogen zyn, of hoedanig dezelve ook genoemt mogen werden, betaalen, dan die welke de meest gefavoriseerde Natien (2) hn27 zyn, of zullen worden, verpligt (2 3)hn28 te betaalen. En zy zullen genieten alle de Regten, Vryheeden, Privilegien, Immuniteiten en Exemptien in Handel, Navigatie en Commercie, het zy in het gaan van eene Haven in de gemelde Staaten na eene andere, of gaande na en van dezelve, van en na eenige (3 4)hn29 Haven van de Weereld, welke de gemelde Natien reeds genieten of zullenhn30 genieten. (4 5)

III14

De Onderdaanen en (5 6) Burgers hn31 van de gemelde vereenigde Staaten van America, zullen in de Havens, Rheeden, Landen, Eilanden, Steden of Plaatsen van de gemelde vereenigde (6 7) Provincien,hn32 of eenige van dezelve, geen andere, of grootere Regten of Impositien, van wat natuur die ook mogen zyn,268 of hoedanig dezelve ook genoemt mogen worden, betaalen, dan die, welke de meest (7 8) gefavoriseertste Natien (9) zyn, of zullen worden verpligt (8 10)hn33 te betaalen. En zy zullen genieten alle de Regten, Vryheeden, Privilegien, Immuniteiten en exemptien in Handel, Navigatie en Commercie, het zy in het gaan van eene Haven in de gemelde Staaten na eene andere, of gaande na en van dezelve, van en na eenige (9 11)hn34 Haven van de Weereld, welke de (10 12)hn35 gemelde Natien (12) hn36 reeds genieten of zullen genieten. (11 13)hn37

IV.17 hn38

Er zal eene volle, volkomene en geheele vryheid van Conscientie worden toegestaan, aan de Burgers en Onderdaanenhn39 (1) van iedere Parthy, en aan der zelver Familien, (2)hn40 aangaande Religie zaaken, en een volkomene en geheele vryheid, om hunne Godsdienst naar haare gewoonte te oeffenen, zonder 269 eenigerhande molestatie. Daarenboven zal vryheid worden gegeeven aan de Burgers en Onderdaanen (3)hn41 van iedere Parthye, die in des anderen’s Territoir overlyden, om begraven te worden in (4)hn42 gevoeglyke en decente plaatsen, daar toe te bepaalen, zoo als de geleegentheid zal vereisschen; nogte zullen de doode Lighaamen van die geene die begraaven zyn, eenigzints werden gemolesteert.hn43

V.19 hn44

Haar Hoog Mogende, de Staaten (1)hn45 van de zeven vereenigde Nederlandsche Provincien, zullen tragten, zoo veel eenigzints in haar vermogen is, te beschermen en defendeeren alle Schepen en andere Effecten, toebehoorende aan (2)hn46 de Burgers, Volkeren, Inwoonders en Onderdaanen (3)hn47 van de gemelde vereenigde Staaten van America, of eenige van dezelve, zynde in haare Havens of Rheen, (4)hn48 of op de Zeén naby haare Landen, Eilanden, Steden 270 of Plaatsen; en wederom te bekomen en te doen restitueeren aan de regte Eigenaars, hunne Agenten of Gevolmagtigden, alle zodanige Schepen en Effecten, die onder haare Jurisdictie zullen genoomen worden: en haare (5)hn49 Oorlog schepen, of eenige Convoyers zeilende onder der zelver authoriteit, zullen by alle geleegentheeden onder haare protectie neemen alle Schepen, toebehoorende aan (6)hn50 de Onderdaanen, Volkeren of Inwoonders van de gemelde vereenigde Staaten van America, of eenige der zelve, houdende dezelve cours, of (7)hn51 gaande dezelve weg, en zullen zodanige Schepen defendeeren, zoo lang als zy dezelve cours houden, of dezelve weg gaan, tegens alle aanvallen, magt en geweld, (8)hn52 op dezelve wys als zy zouden moeten beschermen en defendeeren de Schepen toebehoorende aan (9)hn53 de Onderdaanen van haar Hoog Mogende.

VI.20 hn54

De vereenigde Staaten van America zullen tragten, zoo veel eenigzints in haar vermogen is, te beschermen en defendeeren alle Schepen en andere Effecten, toebehoorende aan de Burgers, Volkeren, Inwoonders en Onderdaanen van de gemelde vereenigde Nederlandsche Provincien, of eenige van dien, zynde in haare Havens of Rhéen, of op de 271 Zeén naby haare Landen, Eilanden, Steden of Plaatseu; en wederom te bekomen en te doen restitueeren aan de regte Eigenaars, hunne Agenten of Gevolmagtigden, alle zodanige Schepen en Effecten, die onder haare Jurisdictie zullen genoomen worden: en haare Oorlogschepen of eenige Convoyers zeilende onder der zelver anthoriteit, zullen by alle geleegentheeden onder haare protectie neemen alle Schepen, toebehoorende aan de Onderdaanen, Volkeren of Inwoonders van de gemelde vereenigde Nederlandsche Provincien, of eenige der zelve, houdende dezelve cours, of gaande dezelve weg, en zullen zodanige Schepen defendeeren, zoo lang als zy dezelve cours houden, of dezelve weg gaan, tegens alle aanvallen, magt en geweld, op dezelve wys als zy zouden moeten beschermen en defendeeren de Schepen toebehoorende aan de Onderdaanen der vereenigde Staaten van America.

VII.21 hn55

Het zal wettig en vyr zyn voor Kooplieden en andere, zynde Onderdaanen, of van de gemelde zeven vereenigde Nederlandsche Provincien, of van de voorgemelde vereenigde Staaten van America, by Testament of eenige andere dispositie, gemaakt ten tyde van ziekte, of ten eenigen 272 tyde bevoorens, of even voor het overlyden, te verdeelen of weg te geeven aan zodanig Persoon of Persoonen, als zy zullen goedvinden, hunne Effecten, Koopmanschappen. Gelden, Schulden of Goederen, roerende of onroerende, dewelke zy hebben of behoorden te hebben ten tyde van hun overlyden, of eenigen tyd bevoovrens, in de Landen, Eilanden, Steden, Plaatsen of Dominien, behoorende aan ieder van de voornoemde contracteerende Parthyen. Nog meer, het zy dezelve komen te overlyden, hebbende getesteert of abintestato, derzelver wettige Erfgenaamen, Executeurs of Administrateurs, resideerende in de Dominien van ieder der contracteerende Parthyen, ofkomende van eenig ander gedeelte, ofschoon dezelve niet zyn genaturaliseert, en zonder hun Regt gecontesteerd of betwist te worden onder praetext van eenige Regten of byzondere Persoonen, zullen vryelyk en vreedsaam ontfangen en bezitting neemen van alle de gemelde Goederen en Effecten hoedanige ook, in gevolge de Wetten van ieder Land respectivelyk in zodanig geval, nogtans zoo, dat de laaste wil, en regt van Erven, van Luyder abintestato overlydende, beweezen moeten morden, in gevolge de Wetten van die Plaatsen, alwaar ieder Persoon mag komen te overlyden, zoo wel door de Onderdanen van 273 de eene, als van de andere der contracteerende Parthy, niettegenstaande eenig Wet, Statut, Edict, Placaat, Costume, Ordonnantie of Regt, hoe genaamt, ter contrarie.hn56

VIII.22 hn57

Het zal wettig en vry zyn aan de Onderdaanen van iedere Parthye, zodanige Advocaaten, Procureurs, Notariffen, Solliciteurs of Factoors te employeeren, als zy zullen goedvinden, ten welken einde de voorsz Advocaaten en andere hoven gemeld, mogen werden benoemt door de ordinaris Regters, als ’t nood is, en de Regters daar toe vereischt worden.

IX.23 hn58

Kooplieden, Schippers, Eigenaars, Bootsgezellen, Lieden van a derhande soort, Schepen en Vaartuigen, en alle Koopmanschappen en Goederen in ’t generaal, en Effecten van ieder der Bondgenooten, of van der zelver Onderdaanen, zullen niet mogen worden in beslag genomen of aangehouden in eenige der Landen, Gronden, Eilanden, Steden, Plaatsen, Havens, Stranden of Dominien, hoe genaamt, van den anderen Bondgenoot, tot algemeen (1)hn59 gebruik, Oorlogs-Expeditien, of byzonder gebruik van iemand, door arrest, geweld, of eenigzints daar na gelykende.

274

Noch te meer zal het onwettig zyn voor de Onderdaanen van iedere Parthy iets te neemen, of door geweld te ontvreemden, van de Onderdaanen van de andere Parthy, zonder bewilliging van den Persoon die het toebehoord: het geen egter niet te verstaan is van die aanhaalingen en detentien (2)hn60 welke (3)hn61 zal worden gedaan op bevel en authoriteit van de Justitie, en volgens de ordinaire wegen, ten opzigte van schulden of misdaaden, waar omtrent de Procedures moeten geschieden by wege van Regten, in gevolge de form van Justitie.

X.24 hn62

Verders is overeengekomen en besloten, dat het volkomen vry zal staan aan alle Kooplieden, Bevelhebbers van Schepen, en andere Onderdaanen van haar Hoog Mog. de Staaten (1)hn63 van de zeven vereenigde Nederlansche Provincien hn64, in alle Plaatsen gehoorende onder het Gebied en Jurisdictie van de voorsz vereenigde Staaten van America, hunne eigen zaaken zelfs te verrigten, of daar toe te employeeren wien het hun zal behaagen, noch zullen zy verpligt zyn gebruik te maaken van eenige Tolk of Makelaar, noche eenige Salaris of Foyen te betaalen, ten zy zylieden verkiezen om deselve te gebruiken. Voorts zullen de Schippers van Schepen 275 niet verpligt zyn, by het laaden of ontlaaden hunner Schepen, gebruik te maaken van de Werklieden, die tot dien einde by publique authoriteit gestelt mogten zyn, maar het zal hun gcheellyk vry staan, en hunne Schepen met hun eigen Volk te laaden of te lossen, (2)hn65 of gebruik te maaken van zulke Persoonen in het laaden of lossen der zelve, als zy zullen goedvinden, zonder eenige Foyen of Salaris aau iemand anders, wien ook, te betaalen: Noch zullen zy gedwongen worden eenige soort van Koopmanschappen (3) te lossen, het zy in andere Schepen, of dezelve in hunne eigene te ontfangen, of naar hunne Laading langer te wagten, als hun zal behaagen. En alle en een ieder der (4) Burgers, Volkeren en Inwoonders van de gemelde vereenigde Staaten van America, zal reciproquelyk hebben en genieten dezelfde Privilegien en Vryheeden in alle Plaatsen, welke ook, gehoorende onder het Gebied en Jurisdictie van haar Hoog Mog. de Staaten (5) van de zeven vereenigde Nederlandsche Provincien.

XI.25 hn66

De Koopvaardyschepen van een ieder der Parthyen, (1)276 hn67 gaande naar een Haven van een der Vyanden van den anderen Bondgenoot, (2) en omtrent welke reize en de soort van Goederen aan Boord van dezelve, eenige regte grond van suspicie zal zyn, zullen verpligt zyn, zoo wel op de open Zee, als in de Havens, niet alleenlyk haare Pasporten te exhibeeren, maar insgelyks Certificaaten expresselyk aantoonende, dat haare Goederen niet zyn van het getal dier geene, dewelke als Contrabande verboden zyn., (3)hn68

XII.26 hn69

Indien, by het (1)hn70 exhibeeren der bovengemelde Certificaaten, de andere Parthy ontdekt, dat ’er eenige van die soort van Goederen zyn, dewelke verboden en Contrabande gedeclareert zyn, en geconsigneert naar een Haven, onder de gehoorzaamheid van den Vyand, zal het niet geoorloft zyn Luyken van zodanig Schip op te breeken, of eenige Kist, Koffers, Pakken, Kassen of ander Vaatwerk, daar in gevonden wor-277dende, te openen, of het geringste gedeelte van haare Goederen te verplaatsen, het zy zodanige Schepen toebehooren aan de Onderdaanen van haar Hoog Mog. de Staaten (2)hn71 van de zeven vereenigde Nederlandsche Provincien, (3)hn72 of aan de Burgers en Ingezeetenen van de gemelde vereenigde Staaten van America, ten zy de Laading aan Land gebragt worde in presentie van de Officieren van het Admiraliteits Hof, en een Inventaris van dezelve gemaakt, dog zal niet worden toegelaaten om dezelve op eenigerhande wyze te verkopen, verruilen of veralieneeren, (4)hn73 ten zy daar na behoorlyke en wettige Procedures tegens zodanige verbodene (5)hn74 Goederen zullen zyn gehouden, en het Admiraliteits Hofby een gepronouncieerde Sententie dezelve zal hebben geconfisqueert, daar van altoos vry laatende, zoo wel het Schip zelve, als eenige andere Goederen daar in gevonden wordende, welke voor vry werden gehouden, nochte mogen dezelve worden opgehouden, onder vorgeeven dat die, als ’t ware, door de geprohibeerde Goederen zouden zyn geinfecteert, veel min zullen dezelve als wettige Prys worden geconfisqueert: (6)hn75 doch by aldien niet de geheele Laading, maar alleenlyk een gedeelte van dezelve, zal bestaan uit verbodene 278 of Contrabande Goederen, en de Bevelhebber van het Schip gereed en gewillig zal zyn dezelve over te leeveren aan den Neemer, die dezelve ontdekt heeft, in zodanig geval, zal den Neemer, dezelve Goederen ontfangen hebbende, het Schip dadelyk ontslaan, en het zelve op geenerbande wyze verhinderen de reis te vervolgen, waar toe het bestemt was. Doch, in gevalle de Contrabande Koopmanschappen niet alle kunnen worden ontslagen aan Boord van het Schip van den Neemer, alsdan vermag den Neemer niettegenstaande het aanbod van hem, de Contrabande Goederen over te leeveren, het Schip te brengen in de naaste Haven, agtervolgens het geene hier boven is vastgestelt.

XIII28 hn76

In tegendeel is overeengekomen, dat al het geen bevonden zal worden gelaaden te zyn door de Onderdaanen en Ingezeetenen van een der beide Parthyen,279 in eenig Schip de Vyanden van den anderen, of aan desselfs Onderdaanen toebehoorende, geheel, ofschoon niet zynde van de soort van verbodene Goederen, mag worden geconfisqueert, op dezelve wys als of het den Vyand toequam, uitgezondert zodanige Goederen en Koopmanschappen, als aan Boord van zodanig Schip gedaan waren voor de Oorlogs-Declaratiehn77, of (1) zelfs na die Declaratie, indien zulks geschied was, zonder kennis gehad te hebben van dezelve Declaratie; zoo dat de Goederen van de Onderdaanen en Volk van een der beide Parthyen, het zy dezelve zyn van de natuur der verbodene, of anderzints, dewelke als boven gemeld waren gelaaden aan Boord van eenig Schip den Vyand toebehoorende, voor den Oorlog, of na de Declaratie van dezelve, indien de Laaders daar van geen kennis hebben gehad, in geenen deele confiscatie zullen onderhevig zyn, maar zullen wel en getrouwelyk, zonder uitstel, aan de Eigenaars, (2)hn78 dezelve te rug vraagende, worden gerestitueert, (3) dog zo dat, indien de gemelde Koopmanschappen Contrabande zyn, het geenzints geoorloft zal zyn dezelve naderhand te vervoeren na eenige havens, de Vyanden toebehoorende.

De twee controctreerende Partyen koomen over een, dat den 280 termyn van twee maanden verloopen zynde na de Oorlogs-Declaratie, hunne respective Onderdaanen, van welk gedeelte der Waereld zy komen, de onweetentheid, in dit Articul gemeld, niet zullen mogen voorwenden.

XIV.30 hn79

En ten einde de best mogelyke zorg mag worden gedraagen voor de securiteit van de Onderdaanen, en het Volk van een der beide Partyen, dat dezelve geen overlast komen te lyden van wegens de Oorlogschepen of Kapers van de andere Parthy, zullen alle de Bevelhebbers van Oorlogschepen en gewapende Vaartuigen van de voorsz Staaten (1)hn80 der zeven vereenigde Nederlandsche Provincien, en van de gemelde vereenigde Staaten van (2)hn81 America, mitsgaders alle der zelver (3)hn82 Onderdaanen en Volk, verboden worden eenige beleediging of schaade, aan die van de andere zyde, toe te brengen, en zoo zy dien contrarie handelen, zullen zy (4)hn83 gestraft worden, en daarenboven verpligt (5)hn84 zyn satisfactie te geeven voor alle schaade, en den interest daar van, door vergoeding, onder pœne en verbintenis van hunne Persoonen en Goederen.

281 hn85 XV.32 hn86

Alle Schepen en Koopmanschappen, van wat natuur dezelve ook zyn, die hernoomen zullen worden uit handen van Piraten en Zeerovers (1)hn87 op de open Zee, zullen gebragt worden in eenige Haven van eene der beide Staaten, en zullen aan de bewaaring der Officieren van die Haven worden overgeleevert, ten einde geheel gerestitueert te worden aan den regten Eigenaar, zoo dra als behoorlyk en genoegzaam bewys wegens den eigendom der zelve, zal gedaan zyn.(2) 33 hn88

282 283 XVI.34 hn89

Indien eenige Schepen of Vaartuigen, toebehoorende aan een van beide de Parthyen, hunne Onderdaanen of Volk, op de Kusten of Dominien van den anderen zullen komen te stranden, vergaan, of eenige andere (1)hn90 schaade te lyden, zal alle vriendelyke assistentie en hulp worden gegeeven aan de Persoonen Schipbruek geleeden hebbende, of die zig in gevaar daar van zullen bevinden; (2)hn91 zullende insgelyks Brieven van Vrygeley aan hun worden gegeeven, voor hunne vrye en geruste passage van daar, en retour van een ieder na zyn eigen Land.

XVII.35 hn92

In gevalle de Onderdaanen of het Volk van een der beide Partyen, met hunne Schepen, het zy publique en ten Oorlog vaarende, of byzondere en ter Koopvaardy uitgerust, door onstuimig Weer, najaaging van Zeerovers of Vyanden, of eenige284 andere dringende nood, gedwongen zullen worden, ter bekoming van een Schuylplaats en Haven, zig te retireeren en binnen te loopen in eenige der Rivieren, Creeken, Baayen, Havens, Rheeden of Stranden, toebehoorende aan de andere Parthye, zullen dezelve met alle menschlieventheid en goedwilligheid werden ontfangen, en alle vriendelyke protectie en hulp genieten, en zal hun worden toegestaan zig te ververschen en proviandeeren tegens reedelyke prysen, met Victuaille, en alle dingen benoodigt tot onderhoud van haare Persoonen, of reparatie van hunne Schepen, en zy zullen op geenerley wys worden opgehouden, of verhindert, uit de gemelde Havens of Rheeden te vertrekken, maar mogen verzeylen en gaan, wanneer en waar het hun behaagt, zonder eenig belet of verhindering.

XVIII.36 hn93

Tot des te beeter voortzetting der wederzydsche Commercie, is overeengekoomen, dat indien een Oorlog mogt komen te ontstaan tusschen (1) de voornoemde twee Natien, zes maanden zal worden vergunt na de Proclamatie van Oorlog, aan de Kooplieden in de Steden en Plaatsen alwaar zy woonen, tot het verkoopen en transporteeren hunner Goederen en Koop– 285 manschappen; en indien iets van hun genoomen mogt zyn, of eenige beleediging hun weezen aangedaan, binnen dien termyn, door een der beide Partyen, of het Volk of Onderdaanen van een van beide, zal daar voor volkemene satisfactie gegeeven worden.

286 XIX.37 hn94

Geen Onderdaanen van haar Hoog Mogende de Staaten (1)hn95 van de zeven vereenigde Nederlandsche Provincien, zullen mogen verzoeken of aanneemen eenige Commissien, of Lettres de Marque, tot het wapenen van eenig Schip of Schepen, ten einde als Kapers te ageeren tegens de gemelde vereenigde Staaten van (2)hn96 America, of eenige der zelve, of tegens de Onderdaanen, (3)hn97 Volk of Inwoonders der gemelde vereenigde Staaten, of eenige der zelve, of tegens den eigendom der Ingezeetenen van eenige der zelve, van eenige Prins of Staat, met wien de voorsz vereenigde Staaten van (4)hn98 America in Oorlog mogten zyn; nochte zal eenige Burger, Onderdaan of (5)hn99 Inwoonder van de gemelde vereenigde Staaten van (6)hn100 America, of eenige der zelve, eenige Commissie of Lettres de Marque verzoeken of aanneemen, tot het wapenen van eenig287 Schip of Schepen, om ter Kaap te vaaren tegens (7)hn101 de Onderdaanen (8) van gemelde haar Hoog Mog., of eenige van dezelve, of den eigendom van eenige der zelve, van eenige Prins of Staat, met wien de voorsz (9)hn102 Staat in Oorlog (10) zal zyn, en indien eenig Persoon van een beide de Natien, zodanige Commissie of Lettres de Marque zal aanneemen, zal dezelve als een Zeerover worden gestraft.38 hn103

XX.39 hn104

De Schepen der Onderdaanen of Ingezeetenen van een van beide de Partyen, komende aan eenige Kust, toebehoorende aan de een of andere der gemelde Bondgenooten, doch niet voorneemens zynde in een Haven binnen te loopen, of binnen geloopen zynde, en niet begeerende hunne Laadingen te lossen, of Last te breeken, (1)hn105 zullen behandelt worden volgens de generaale reegelen, met opzigt tot het geval in quaestie gestelt, of nog te stellen.

288 XXI.40 hn106

De twee contracteerende Partyen vergunnen over en weder aan elkanderen de vryheid, om ieder in de Havens van den anderen, Consuls, Vice-Consuls, Agenten en Commissarissen van hunne eigen aanstelling te hebben, welkers functien gereguleert zullen worden by particuliere overeenkomst, wanneer ooit eene der beide Partyen goedvind zodanige aanstelling te doen.

XXII.41 hn107

Het is vastgestestelt tusschen de twee contracteerende Parthyen, dat geen Clausul, Articul, materie of zaak hier in begreepen, het zy voor het tegenswoordige of toekomende, zal worden begreepen of verstaan, contrarie aan de Clausulen, Articulen, Overeenkomsten en Stipulatien in twee Tractaaten, een van Vriendschap en Commercie en het andere van Alliantie, tusschen de voorsz vereenigde Staaten van America, en den Allerchristelyksten Koning, gesloten te Parys op den zesden dag van February een duizend zeven honderd acht en zeventig, of eenige van dezelve, maar dezelve zullen worden begreepen en verstaan, bestaanbaar met en overeenkomsteg de gemelde Tractaaten.

289 XXIII.

Het is voorts overeengekomen tusschen de twee contracteerende Partyen, dat aan zyn Catholique Majesteit den Koning van Spagne, het regt zal gereserveert zyn, om te accedeeren in de gemelde twee Tractaaten, tusschen zyne Allerchristelykste Majesteit en de voorsz vereenigde Staaten van America, het eene van Vriendschap en Commercie, en het andere van Allantie, gesloten te Parys op den zesden dag van February een duizend zeven honderd acht en zeventig, met zodanige veranderingen, niet derogatoir aan dit Tractaat, als wederzyds zullen worden overeengekomen, tusschen zyn gemelde Catholique Majesteit en de voorsz vereenigde Staaten; en dat geen Clausul, Articul, materie of zaak hier in vervat, zal worden begreepen of verstaan, het zy voor het tegenwoordige of toekomende, strydig aan de Clausulen, Articulen, Overeenkomsten en Stipulatien, in zodanige Tractaaten gemaakt of nog te maaken, tusschen gemelde zyn Catholique Majesteit en de voorsz vereenigde Staaten.

XXIV.43 hn108

Haar Hoog Mog. de Staaten van de zeven vereenigde Nederlandsche Provincien, zullen hunne goede officien en interpositie aanwenden by den Koning 290 of Keizer van Marocco of Fez, de Regeering van Algiers, Tunis of Tripoli, of by eenige van dezelve; als meede by eidere Prins, Staat of Mogentheid, op de Kust van Barbaryen in Africa, en de Onderdaanen van den voornoemden Koning, Keizer, Staaten en Mogentheeden, en ieder van dezelve; ten einde, zoo volleedig en nadrukkelyk als mogelyk is, te zorgen, voor de welvaart, geryf en veiligheid van de gemelde vereenigde Staaten, en ieder van dezelve, hunne Onderdaanenm Volk en Inwoonderen, en hunne Schepen en Goederen tegens alle violentien, insultes, aanvallen of plonderingen van wegens de voornoemde Princen of Staaten van Barbaryen of hunne Onderdaanen.

Contrabande. XXV.44 hn109

De vryheid van Navigatie en Commercie zal zig uitstrekken tot alle soorten van Koopmanschappen, uitgezondert alleen deeze, welke onderscheiden zyn onder den naam van Contrabande of verbodene Goederen: en onder deeze benoeming van Contrabande of verbodene Goederen zullen (1)hn110 begreepen zyn (2)hn111 Wapenen, (3)hn112 grof Geschut, (4) Bomben met haare Buysen, en andere dingen tot dezelve behoorende, Vuurballen, Buskruit, Lonten, Kanon-kogels, Pieken,

291

(5) Deegens en Houwers, Lancien, Speeren, Helbaarden, (6) Mortieren, Petarden, Granaden, Salpeeter, Musquetten, Musquetkogels, Helmetten, Hoostplaaten, Borstplaaten, Malie-Rokken en diergelyk soort van Tuyg, geschikt tot het wapenen van Soldaaten, Draagbanden of Port-Epées, Paarden met haar toebehooren, en alle andere Instrumenten van Oorlog, hoe genaamt.

(7)hn113 De volgende Koopmanschappen (8) zullen niet gereekent worden onder de Contrabande of verbodene Goederen, te weeten alle soorten van Lakenen, Lynewaaten en alle andere Manufactuuren, gemaakt van Wolle, Vlas, Hennip, Zyde, Katoen of eenige andere Stoffen, hoe genaamt. Alle soorten van Kleederen, nevens de Specien waar van dezelve doorgaans gemaakt worden: Goud en Zilver, zoo wel gemunt, als ongemunt, Tin, Yzer, Loot, Kooper, als meede Tarw en Gerst, en alle andere soorten van Graan en Peulvrugten, Tabak, gelyk meede allerhande Speceryen, gezouten en gerookt Vleesch, Zoutenisch, Kaas en Booter, Bier, Oly, Wyn, Cyder, Suikeren, Syroopen en alle soorten van Zout, en in het generaal allerhande Provisien die tot voedzel van den Mensch, en tot onderhoud van bet leeven dienen; voorts alle soorten van 292 Katoen, Hennip, Vlas, Teer, Pek, Terpentyn, Touwerk, Kabels, Zeylen, Zeyldoeken, Ankers en eenige gedeeltens van Ankers, gelyk meede Scheeps-Masten, Planken, Deelen en Balken, van wat Boomen, hoe genaamt, en alle andere dingen, geschikt, het zy tot het bouwen of repareeren van Schepen, en andere Goederen, hoe genaamt, welke niet verwerkt zyn in de form van eenig Instrument of Tuyg bereid tot den Oorlog te Land of ter Zee, zullen voor geen Contrabande werden gehouden, veel minder zodanige die reeds verwerkt en tot andere eindens gebruikt zyn; alle dewlke geheel (9) onder fe vrye Goederen hn114 zullen worden gereekent te behooren; gelyk meede alle andere Koopmanschappen en dingen welke niet begreepen en particulier gemeld zyn in de voornoemde opnoeming van Contrabande Goederne, zoo dat dezelve mogen werden getransporteert en vervoert in alle vryheid door de Onderdaanen en Ingezeetenen van beide Bondgenooten, (10 9)hn115 zelfs na Plaatsen aan den Vyand toebehoorende, zodanige Steden of Plaatsen alleen uitgezondert, welke op die tyd beleegert, geblocqueert of geinvesteert zyn. (11 10)hn116

293 XXVI.46 hn117

Ten einde alle diffentie en twist aan beide zyden mag werden vermyd en voorgekomen, is overeengekomen, dat in geval een van beide de Parthyen in Oorlog mogt komen te geraaken, de Schepen en Vaartuigen, toebehoorende aan de Onderdaanen of Ingezeetenen van de andere Geallieerde, met Zeebrieven of Pasporten moeten werden voorzien, expresseerende den naam, eigendom en de groote van het Schip of Vaartuig, als meede den Naam, Plaats of Wooninge van den Schipper of Bevelhebber van het gemelde Schip of Vaartuig, ten einde daar by mag blyken, dat het Schip reeel en in waarheid aan de Onderdaanen of (1)hn118 Burgers van eene der Parthyen toebehoord, welk Pasport zal worden opgemaakt en uitgegeeven volgens het Formulier agter dit Tractaat gevoegt. Dezelve zullen (2)hn119 insgelyks ieder jaar moeten werden ingetrokken, te weeten, indien het Schip of Vaartuig binnen den tyd van een jaar weer t’huis mogt komen te retourneeren. Het is insgelyks vastgestelt, dat zodanige Schepen of Vaartuigen gelaaden zynde, moeten (3)hn120 worden voorzien niet alleen met Pasporten, (4)hn121 als boven gemeld, maar ook met294 Certificaaten, inhoudende de onderscheidene gedeeltens der Laading, de Plaats van waar het Schip gezeilt is, en waar heen het zelve is gedestineert; op dat dus geweeten kan worden, of eenige verbodene of Contrabande Goederen aan Boord van het zelve zyn; welke Certificaaten zullen worden opgemaakt door de Officieren van de Plaats van waar het zelve Schip of Vaartuig vertrekt, in de gewoone form. En by aldien iemand goeddunkt of raadzaam vind, om in de gemelde (5)hn122 Certificaaten uit te drukken de Persoonen aan wien de aan Boord zynde Goederen toekomen, vermag hy zulks vryelyk te doen. (6)hn123

XXVII.49 hn124

De Schepen of Vaartuigen der Onderdaanen of Burgers van een295 van beide de Parthyen, komende aan eenige Kust, toebehoorende aan de eene of andere der gemelde Bondgenooten, doch niet willens zynde de Haven in te loopen, of ingeloopen zynde, en niet begeerende hunne Laading te lossen, of Last tebreeken, zullen niet verpligt zyn een opgave van haare Laading te doen, ten zy dezelve door eenige haarblykelyke tekenen verdagt mogten zyn, van eenige verbodene Goederen onder de benoeming van Contrabande, aan den Vyand van den anderen Geallieerden te voeren. En in geval van zulke gegroude suspicie, zullen de Onderdaanen en Burgers van een van beide de Parthyen verpligt zyn, in de Havens haare Pasporten en Certificaaten te vertoonen, in maniere hier boven gespecificeert.

XXVIII.50 hn125

Indien de Schepen of Vaartuigen van de gemelde Onderdaanen of Volk van een van beide de Parthyen, zeylende langs de Kusten, of in de open Zee, ontmoet zullen worden door eenig Schip van Oorlog, Kaper of gewapend Vaartuig van de andere Parthy, zullen de gemelde Oorlogschepen, Kapers, of gewapende Vaartuigen, tot vermyding van alle disordre, buiten bereik van het Geschut blyven, dog hunne Booten mogen zenden aan Boord van het296 Koopvaardyschip, welke zy op die wys zullen ontmoeten, en op het zelve mogen overgaan ten getalle alleen van twee a drie Man, aan wien de Schipper of Bevelhebber van zodanig Schip of Vaartuig zyn Pasport zal vertoonen, inhoudende den eigendom van het Schip of Vaartuig, ingevolge het Formulier agter dit Tractaat gevoegt; en zal het Schip of Vaartuig, na de vertooning van dusdanig Pasport, (1)hn126 vry en liber zyn om desselfs reis te vervolgen, zoo dat niet geoorloft zal zyn het zelve op eenigerhande wyze te molesteeren of doorzoeken, noch jagt op haar te maaken, of het zelve te forceeren haare voorgenomen Cours te verlaaten.

XXIX.51 hn127

Het zal geoorlooft zyn aan Kooplieden, Capiteins en Bevelhebbers van Schepen, het zy publicque en ten Oorlog, of particuliere en ter Koopvaardy vaarende, toebehoorende aan de gemelde vereenigde Staaten van America, of eenige van dezelve, of aan de Onderdaanen, Burgers en Ingezeetenen van eenige der zelve, vryelyk in hunne dienst aan te neemen en aan Boord van haare gemelde Schepen te ontfangen, in iedere der Havens of Plaatsen onder de Jurisdictie van voornoemde haar Hoog Mogende, eenige Botsgezellen of anderen, zynde Inboorlingen,297 Burgers of Inwoonders van eenige der gemelde Staaten, op zulke voorwaarden als zal werden overeengekomen, zonder daar voor aan eenige boete, pœne, straffe, Proces of berisping, hoe genaamt, onderheevig te zyn.

En zullen reciproquelyk alle Kooplieden, Capiteinen en Bevelhebbers van Schepen, behoorende tot de voorsz zeven vereenigde Nederlandsche Provincien, in alle de Havens en Plaatsen, onder het gebied van de gemelde vereenigde Staaten van America, het zelve voorregt genieten tot aanneeming en ontfangen van Bootsgezellen of anderen, zynde Inboorlingen, Burgers of Ingezeetenen van eenige der Domeynen van de gemelde Staaten Generaal . hn128

298 XXX.53 hn129

De toeleg voor refractie, &c. hn130

Formulier van het Pasport dat gegeeven zal worden aan de Schepen of Vaartuigen, in gevolge het dertigste Articul van dit Tractaat.54 hn131

Aan alle de geene die deeze tegenwoordige zullen zien, salut: doen te weeten, dat by deezen vryheid en permissie gegeeven word aan Schipper en Bevelhebber van het Schip (of Vaartuig) genaamt van de van groot Tonnen of daar omtrent, leggende tegenswoordig in de Haven van gedestineert naar en belaaden met  , om te vertrekken en met zyn Schip of Vaartuig desselfs gemelde reize voort te zetten, zodanig Schip of Vaartuig gevisiteert zynde, en de voornoemde Schipper of Bevelhebber, ouder eede, voor den daar toe gestelden Officier, verklaart hebbende, dat het gemelde Schip of Vaartuig aan een of meer der Onderdaa-299 nen, Volk of Ingezeetenen van toebehoord, en aan hem (of hun) alleen; In getuigenis waar van, wy deeze tegenswoordige met onse Naamen hebben onderteekent, en bet Zeegel van ons Wapen daar aan gehegt, en het zelve doen contrasigneeren door Tot deezen dag van het jaar onses Heeren Christi.

hn132

Formulier van het Certificaat, het welk aan de Schepen of 300 Vaartuigen zal worden gegeeven, in gevolge het dertigste Articul van dit Tractaat.

Wy de Magistraat (of Officieren der Convoyen) van de Stad of Haven van certificeeren en attesteeren, dat op den dag van in het jaar onzes Heeren C. D. van in Persoon voor ons is gecompareert, en onder solemneelen Eede heest verklaart, dat het Schip of Vaartuig genaamt van Tonnen, of daar omtrent, waar van van tegenswoordig Schipper of Bevelhebber is, geregtelyk en behoorlyk aan hem (of hun) alleen is toebehoorende. Dat het zelve thans gedestineert is van de Stad of Haven van na de Haven van gelaaden met Goederen en Koopmanschappen hier onder particulier gespecificeert en opgenoemt, als volgt.

In getuigenis waar van wy dit Certificaat hebben onderteekent en met het Zeegel van ons Officie bekragtigt, deezen dag van in het jaar onses Heeren Christi.

301
Remarques en nadere Propositie.
hn1.

(1) der vereenigde Nederlanden.

hn2.

(Het Tractaat met Vrankryk heeft)

(2) Staaten van Noord-America.

(3) Massachusetts Baay.

(4) de Graafschappen van Newcastle, Kent en Sussex aan de Delaware.

hn3.

(1) der vereenigde Nederlanden

hn4.

(2) van Noord-America (als in het Tractaat met Vrankryk)

hn5.

(3) bepaalen

hn6.

(4) Onderdaanen en Ingezeetenen

hn7.

(5) te stellen

hn8.

(6) met vermyding van

hn9.

(7) aan

hn10.

(8) verder zulke

hn11.

(9) gronden

hn12.

(10) aan

hn13.

(11) hebben

hn14.

(12) der vereenigde Nederlanden benoemt de Heeren. . . .

Uit het midden der Vergadering van hun Hoog Mog. gedeputeert.

hn15.

(13) Noort

hn16.

(13) Noort

hn17.

(14) dewelke zyn overeengekomen en geaccordeert

hn18.

Art. I
hn19.

(1) Heeren (2) Generaal der vereenigde Nederlanden.

hn20.

(3) Noord

hn21.

(4) Nederlanden.

hn22.

(5) derselver Onderdaanen en Ingezeetenen

(Het Tractaat van Vrankryk heest, en schynt ook gevoeglyker)

hn23.

(6) en Plaatsen.

hn24. II

(Genomen uit het 25 Articul van bestand met Portugal in ’s Hage den 12 Juny 1641, en voorts het 10 Art. van ’t Tractaat met Vrankyrk.)11

Wederzydsche Onderdaanen en Ingezeetenen van wat Natie, conditie, geleegentheid of Religie deselve zouden mogen weezen, geene uitgezondert, het zy dan of dezelve Ingezeetenen onder der eens of der anders gebied zouden mogen zyn geboren of hebben gewoond, zullen vermogen te frequenteeren, vaaren en handelen met allerhande soorten van Waaren en Koopmanschappen, waar van den invoer en uitvoer niet algemeen is verboden, in alle elkanders Provincien, Landen en Eilanden in Europa en Noord-America en elders in gelykheid met de meest gefavoriseerde Natien van Europa.

hn25.

III.
hn26.

(1) Generaal der vereenigde

hn27.

(2) van Europa 13

hn28.

(2 3) aldaar

hn29.

(3 4) vreemde

hn30.

(4 5) Insgelyks zullen

hn31.

(5 6) Ingezeetenen

hn32.

(6 7) Nederlanden

hn33.

(7 8) gefavoriseerde

(9) van Europa.

(als in het Tractaat met Vrankryk)15 (8 10) aldaar

hn34.

(9 11) vreemde

hn35.

(10 12) meest gefavoriseerde

hn36.

(12) van Europa

hn37.

(11 13) En zullen de vereenigde Staaten van Noord-America haare Onderdaanen en Ingezeetenen, die van haar Hoog Mog. de Staaten Generaal der vereenigde Nederlanden laaten het gerust genot van haare Rechten omtrent de Landen, Eilanden en Zeeën in Oosten West-Indiën, zonder haar daar in eenig belet of hindernis te doen.16

hn38. IV.

(Art. IV. als onnut en in het Tractaat met Vrankryk niet gevonden wordenende, geheel overte slaan of te veranderen als volgt:)

hn39.

(1) en Ingezeetenen

hn40.

(2) en zal niemand ter zaake van den Godsdienst worden gemolesteert, mits hem omtrent publique demonstratie onderwerpende aan de Wetten van het Land.

hn41.

(3) en Ingezeetenen.

hn42.

(4) de gewoone Begraafplaatfen, of

hn43.

En zal by Hoogstgedagte vereenigde Staaten van America de nodige voor zeening binnen de dertien neyre Colonien, en daar zulks verder zoude mogen worden vereischt, gedaan worden, ten einde Ingezetenen dezer Landen18 van behoorlyke bewyzen van sterfgevallen, waar by dezelve zyn geinteresseert, voortaan zullen kunnen worden gediend.

hn44.

V.
hn45.

(1) Generaal der vereenigde Nederlanden, en de vereenigde Staaten van Noord-America

hn46.

(2) wederzydsche

hn47.

(3) en Ingezeetenen

hn48.

(4) binnenlandsche Zeén, Stroomen, Rivieren, en zoo verre haare Jurisdictie Zeewaard strekt.

hn49.

(5) convoyeerende Oorlogschepen zullen voor zoo zy eenen gemeenen Vyand mogen hebben

hn50.

(6) elkanders Onderdaanen en Ingezeetenen, dewelke geene Contrabande Goederen, volgens de beschryving hier na daar van te doen, zullen hebben ingelaaden naar Plaatsen, waar meede de eene Parthy in Vreede en de andere in Oorlog is, en na geen geblocqueerde Plaats gedestineert zyn, en zullen houden

hn51.

(7) gaan

hn52.

(8) van den gemeenen Vyand

hn53.

(9) wederzyds eigen

hn54.

(Art. VI. kan vervallen, wanneer Art. V. zoo als boven verandert is, reciproque word gestelt)

hn55. VI.

(In de plaats van dit Articul te stellen het 39 Articul van het Tractaat van Napels van 1753, luidende)

hn56.

De Onderdaanen der contracteerende Parthyen zullen over en weeder in wederzysche Landen en Staaten, van hunne Goederen, by Testamente, Donatie of anderzints mogen disponeeren, en hunne Erfgenaamen, zynde Onderdaanen van een der Parthyen, in de Landen van de anderen, of wel elders woonagtig, zullen dezelve Nalaatenschappen ontfangen, zelfs abinteslato, het zy in Persoon, het zy by hun Procureur of Gemagtigde, schoon zy geen Brieven van naturalisatie zouden mogen hebben geobtineert, zonder dat het effect van die Commissie hun zal kunnen worden betwist, onder praetext van eenige Rechten of Voorregten van Provintien, Steden of Particulieren: En zoo de Erfgenaamen, aan welke de Erfenissen mogten vervallen zyn, minderjaarig waren, zullen de Voogden of Curateurs by den domiciliarien Rechter der genoemde Minderjaarige aangestelt, kunnen regeeren, bestieren, administreeren, verkoopen en veralieneeren de Goederen, welke de gemelde Minderjaarigen by Ersenissen zullen zyn te beurt gevallen; en generalyk met opzigt tot de voorsz Successien en Goederen waarneemen alle Rechten en Functien, die aan Voogden en Curateurs na dispositie der Wetten competeeren, behoudens nogtans, dat deeze dispositie geen plaats zal kunnen hebben, dan in gevalle, als wanneer de Testateur by Testament, Codicil of ander wettig Instrument geen Voogden of Curateurs zal hebben genomineert.

hn57. VII.

(Om de dubbelzinnigheid, de onderhaalde woorden uit te laaten; terwyl het van zelve spreekt, dat de Rechters Advocaaten &c. kunnen benoemen, maar niet ieder Persoon op requisitie van iemand, wie het ook zy, de faculteit geeven, daar hy anders niet bevoegt toe is.)

hn58.

VIII.
hn59.

(1) publicq

hn60.

(2) en Arresten

hn61.

(3) zullen

hn62.

IX.
hn63.

(1) Generaal der vereenigde Nederlanden

hn64.

(Al het met Curcyf Letter gedrukte uit te laaten, zynde het niet onbillyk, dat, als andere willen employeeren, zy employeeren de geene die de Wetdaar toe heest geprivilegieert.)

hn65.

(En tot vermyding van confusie by te voegen)

(2) mits onderworpen blyvende aan de ordres op het laaden en lossen en het inslaan en vervoeren van Goederen en Waaren van en na de Schepen en van de eene Plaats na de andere, by de Wetten tot voorkoming van fraudes als anderzints gestelt.

(3) tegens hun wil te lossen, maar met haar ongebrooke Laadingen wederom over Zee mogen uitvaaren; ook zullen zy niet gedwongen worden eenige Goederen tegens hun wil in hunne Schepen te ontfangen, of naar hunne Laading langer te wagten, als hun zal behaagen; maar vrywillig lossende of laadende subject zyn aan de betaaling van de Rechten, daar gebrooke Laadingen aan onderhevig zyn.

(4) Onderdaanen en Ingezeetenen

(5) Generaal der vereenigde Nederlanden, dewelke zy volgens het tweede en derde Articul van dit Tractaat zullen bevaaren.

hn66.

X.
hn67.

(1) komende zoo wel van een vyandelyke, als eigen of neutrale Haven zullen vry mogen vaaren. (2) dog verpligt zyn, zoo dikwyls het gevordert word haare Zeebrieven en verdere Bescheiden, in het 26 Articul beschreeven.

hn68.

(3) en geene Contrabande gelaaden hebbende na een vyandelyke Haven haar reize vryelyk en onverhindert mogen vervolgen; dogzal geen visitatie van Papieren gevergt worden van Schepen onder Convoy der Oorlogschepen, maar geloof worden gegeeven aan het woord van den Officier het Convoy leidende.

hn69.

XI.
hn70.

(1) vertoonen der Zeebrieven en andere Bescheiden by het 26 Art. van dit Tractaat nader beschreeven.

hn71.

(2) Generaal der vereenigde Nederlanden

hn72.

(3) of aan Onderdaanen

hn73.

(4) dan na dat

hn74.

(5) Contrabande

hn75.

(6) (Het met Curcyf Letter gedrukte schynt nuttig tegens het opbrengen van Schepen, maar het dient zeer tot rovery, en daarom uit te laaten, en in de plaats te stellan uit het 26 Art. van het Tractaat met Vrankryk van 11 April 1713, als volgt:)27

Maar in tegendeel wanneer by de visitatie aan Land word bevonden, dat ’er geen Contrabande Waaren in de Schepen zyn, en uit de Papieren niet bleek, dat de Neemer en Opbrenger het daar uit niet had kunnen ontdekken, zal dezelve moeten worden gecondemneert in alle de kosten en schaaden die hy de Eigenaaren der Schepen of de Eigenaars en Inlaaders der Goederen waar meede de Schepen belaaden zullen zyn, voor zyne rukeloose aanhouding en opbrenging der Schepen zal hebben veroorzaakt, met de interessen van dien; wordende wel expresselyk verklaart, dat een vry Schip zal vry maaken de Waaren daar in gelaaden, en dat die vryheid zig ook zal uitstrekken over de Persoonen die haar zullen bevinden in een vry Schip, dewelke daar uit niet geligt zullen mogen worden, ten zy het waren Oorlogsluiden, in effectiven dienst van den Vyand.

hn76.

XII.
hn77.

(Liever om alle discussie over de onweetendheid of kennis dier declaratie te vermyden) (1) binnen drie ses 29 maanden na dezelve, welke Goederen

hn78.

(2) die dezelve voor de confiscatie en verkoop zullen te rug vraagen, of doen vraagen in natura zullen

(3) gelyk meede het provenu daar van, indien de reclame binnen acht maanden na de verkooping dewelke publicq zal moeten worden gedaan, eerst konde geschieden,

hn79.

XIII.
hn80.

(1) Generaal der vereenigde Nederlanden.

hn81.

(2) Noord

hn82.

(3) Officieren.

hn83.

(4) op de eerste klagte daar over te doen na behoorlyk onderzoek schuldig bevonden wordende, door haar eigen Rechters

hn84.

(5) worden

hn85. XIV.31

Tot meerder verklaaring van het geen voorsz is, zullen alle Kaper Capiteinen of Rheeders van Schepen, op particuliere bestelling en Commissie ten Oorlog uitgerust, voor dezelve gehouden zyn, voor der zelver vertrek, goede en suffisante cautie te stellen voor de competente Rechters, of in het geheel te verantwoorden de malversatien die ze in haare coursen, of op haare reizen zouden mogen begaan, en voor de contraventien van haare Capiteinen en Officieren tegen het tegenwoordig Tractaat, en de Ordonnantien en Edicten die gepubliceert zullen worden, in kragte en conform de dispositie van dien, op pœne van verval en nulliteit der voorschreeve Commissien.

hn86. XV. hn87.

(1) zonder behoorlyke Commissie op de open Zee vaarende.

hn88.

(2) Maar omtrent het opbrengen van Pryzen door de Oorlogschepen en Commissievaarders van wederzyds contracteerende Parthyen op der zelver gemeene Vyanden genoomen, en omtrent de Schepen van elkanders Onderdaanen door den Vyand genoomen, en by de Oorlogschepen en Commissievaarders van wederzyden hernoomen, zullen worden agtervolgt het geen dien aangaande tusschen zyne Majesteit den Koning van Vrankryk en hun Hoog Mog. de Staaten Generaal der vereenigde Nederlanden, op den 1 Mey 1781 is geconvenieert, waar aan Parthyen zig wedwezyds refeeren, wordende de voorsz Conventien alhier gehouden voor geinsereert, terwyl tot wegneeming van allen twyffel daar omtrent, Copien daar van, en van de Reglementen daar toe behoorende aan dit Tractaat zullen worden gehegt.

Werd in bedenking gegeeven, om den inhoud der Conventie van den 1 Mey 1781 tusschen Vrankryk en de Republicq alheer woordelyk te insereeren, zonder egter de Conventie te noemen.

En voorts zal het nodig zyn, in aan merking van de verdere distantie van America en vergelyking van de van Vrankryk to stipuleeren.

Dat in allen gevallen de restitutie der Prysen op den Vyand hernoomen onver Suffisante Cautie zal werden gearmitteert.

hn89.

XVI.
hn90.

(1) Zee-

(Meest uit het 35 Art. van voorsz Tractaat van 1713, als volgt:)

hn91.

(2) En de Schepen, Goederen en Koopmanschappen, en het geen daar van geborgen zal zyn, of het provenu van dien, by aldien die Goederen verderfelyk zynde, zullen weezen verkogt, alle door de Schippers of door de Eigenaars of van haare Gelaste of Volmagt hebbende, binnen jaar en dag gereclameert wordende, zonder form van Proces worden gerestitueert; mits betaalende alleen de reedelyke onkosten en het geen voor Bergloon door de eigen Onderdaanen in het zelve geval zynde betaald moet worden,

hn92. XVII. hn93. XVIII.

(Het is duister of de byvoeging in dit 18 Art., het welk, zoo veel de Luiden zig binnen ’s Lands bevinden, uit verscheide oude Tractaaten genoomen is, in de woorden, en indien iet van hun genoomen mogt zyn, denoteert Prysen in Zee genoomen; zoo ja, schynt het geen executie te zullen hebben; word daarom voorgestagen, het eerste lid behoudende, het tweede lid klaarder te stellen, en meer uitvoerlyk zo het voorkomt, en te leezen volgens het 41 Art. van voornoemde Tractaat van 1713, als volgt:)

(1) Haar Hoog Mogende de Staaten Generaal der vereenigde Nederlanden, en de vereenigde Staaten van Noord-America, altyd aan de Onderdaanen van de eene of andere zyde zal worden gegeeven den tyd van negen maanden na dato van de rupture, of proclamatie van Oorlog, om haar te mogen retireeren met haare Effecten, en dezelve te vervoeren waar het haar believen zal, het welk haar geoorlooft zal zyn te mogen doen; als meede te mogen verkoopen of transporteeren haare Goederen en Meubilien in alle vryheid, zonder dat men haar daar in eenig belet zal doen; ook zonder geduurende den tyd van de voorsz negen maanden te mogen procedeeren tot eenig arrest van haare Effecten, veel min van haare Persoonen, maar zullen in tegendeel voor haare Schepen en Effecten die zy zullen willen meedevoeren, worden gegeeven Pasporten van vrygeleide tot de naaste Havenen in elkanders Landen voor den tyd tot de reize nodig. Ook zullen geen Pryzen op Zee genoomen voor wettig genomen gehouden mogen worden, ten ware de Oorlogs-Declaratie bekent was geweest of had kunnen zyn, in de Haven die het genome Schip het laatst heeft verlaaten; maar zal vooral het geene aan de Onderdaanen en Ingezeetenen van wederzyden binnen de voorsz termynen ontnoomen mogt zyn, en de beleedigingen die hun aangedaan zouden mogen zyn, volkome satisfactie gegeeven worden.

hn94.

XIX.
hn95.

(1) Generaal der vereenigde Nederlanden.

hn96.

(2) Noord

hn97.

(3) en Ingezeetenen

hn98.

(4) Noord

hn99.

(5) Ingezeeten

hn100.

(6) Noord

hn101.

(7) de Hoog Mog. Heeren Staaten Generaal der vereenigde Nederlanden, of tegens

(8) of Ingezeetenen.

hn102.

(9) Staaten

(10) zullen

hn103.

werd geproponeert dit Art. te amplieeren met een gelyke reciproque voorziening, als door haar Ho: Mog. by Placaat van 3 Novb: 1756 is gestatueert

hn104.

XX.
hn105.

(1) of by te laaden, zullen volgens Art. 9., niet gehouden zyn voor haare Schepen of Laadingen eenige inkomende of uitgaande Rechten te betaalen, nog eenig rekenschap van haare Laadingen te geeven, ten ware dat ’er wettig vermoeden was; dat zy aan elkanders Vyanden toevoerden Koopmanschappen van Contrabande.

hn106.

XXI.
hn107.

(Dit XXII. en het volgende Articul schynen te moeten worden uitgelaaten; Het is vry aan een ieder geen Articulen voor te slaan of aan te neemen, die contrarieeren aan zyn Tractaaren met andere Mogentheeden; maar de gemaakte Conventien moeten niet worden losgemaakt door contrarie stipulatien met derdens.)

In de plaats van Art: 22 en 23 te substitueeren het navolgende 22 Art.

Art: 22

dit Tractaat zal in geenley opzigte verstaan worden te derogeeren aan de 9e. 10e 17e and 22 Articulen42 van het Tractaat van Commercie in den Jaar 1778 tusschen Vrankryk en meergem. Staaten van America aange gaan en geslvoten; en sal mede niet beletten, dat zyne Catholique Majesteit aan ’t zelve zoude accedeeren en van het beneficie der gemelde veer articulen joúisseeren

hn108.

(Dit Art. XXIV. schynt geëxcuseert te moeten worden wegens het bezwaar daar van, de geleegentheid voor andere waar meede haar Hoog Mog. in Vreede en Vriendschap zyn, om het zelve te vergen, en van geen weezentlyk nut te zyn, terwyl het Hof van Vrankryk zig daar meede gechargeert heest)

hn109. XXII. hn110.

(1) alléén

hn111.

(2) de Oorlogs-Ammunitien of

hn112.

(3) als Mortieren (4) met zyne Vuurwerken en het geen daar toe behoort, Geweeren, Pistoolen, Bomben, Granaden, Buspulver, Salpeter, Zwavel. (5) Zwaarden (6) Casquetten, Cuirassen, en diergelyk soort van Wapentuig, ook Soldaaten, Paarden, Zadels en toerusting van Paarden.

hn113.

(7) Alle andere Goederen, Waaren, en

(8) hoe ook genaamt Koopmanschappen, hier boven niet uitdrukkelyk gespecificeert; ja zelfs alle zoor ten van Scheeps materialen, hoe zeer dezelven ook zouden mogen zyn geschikt tot het bouwven of Equipeeren van Oorlog Scheepen, of tot het maken van eenig ander Oorlogstuig te Water of te Lande, zullen mitsdien, nog volgens den Letter, noch volgens eenige voor te wenden interpretatie van dezelve hoe ook genaamt, onder verbodene of Contrabande goederen begreepen kunnen of mogen worden: zo dat alle dezelve goederen, en Koopmanschappen hier boven niet uitdruk kelyk genoemt, zonder eenig onderscheid zullen mogen worden getransporteert en vervoert. 45

hn114.

(9) maar

hn115.

(10 9) van en

hn116.

(11 10) waar voor alleenlyk worden gehouden dezulke, die door een der Oorlogvoerende Mogentheeden van naby ingestloten worden gehouden.

hn117.

XXIII.
hn118.

(1) Ingezeetenen

hn119.

(2) ieder reize dat het Schip t’huis is geweest, op nieuw verleent moeten zyn, of ten minsten niet ouder mogen zyn als een twee 47 jaar voor de tyd dat het Schip laatst is t’huis geweest.

hn120.

(3) wesen

hn121.

(4) of Zeebrieven boven gemeld; maar ook met een generaal Pasport of particuliere Pasporten, of Manifesten of andere publique Documenten die in de Havenen van waar de Schepen laatst gekomen zyn, gewoonlyk gegeeven worden aan de uitgaande Schepen, inhoudende een Specificatie van de Laading, de Plaats van waar het Schip gezeilt is, en waar heenen het gedestineert is, of by gebreeke van alle dezelve met Certificaaten van de Magistraaten of Gouverneurs der Steden, Plaatsen en Colonien van waar het Schip vertrokken is, in de gewoone form gegeeven, op dat geweeten kan worden of eenige verbode of Contrabande Goederen aan Boord van de Schepen zyn, en of zy daar meede naar ’s Vyands Landen gedestineert zyn of niet.

hn122.

(5) bescheiden

hn123.

(6) zonder egter daar toe gehouden te zyn of dat gebrek van die uitdrukking gelegentheid tot confiscatie kan of mag geeven.

(7) 2 wel verstaande, dat aan de dispositie van dit Art: niet onder heevig zullen zyn zodanige Scheepen, die na de Oorlogs verklaring in het geheel nog niet thuis geweest zynde buiten de mogelykheid zyn geweest zig van de vereischte Pasporten of zee brieven te voorzien: 48

hn124.

(Art XXVII. schynt geömitteert te kunnen worden, aangezien het, of het zelve is als Art. XX., of door de geprojecteerde byvoeging aan het zelve vervangen word.)

hn125. XXIV. hn126.

(1) Zeebrief en verdere Bescheiden.

hn127.

(Dit Articul kan zoo generaal niet geadmitteert worden: in tyd van Vreede zal apparent niet geweigert worden voor Dooden, Deserteurs, als anderzints, recruteering te permiteeren; maar men kan geen generaale permittie tot werving van Oorlogschepen accordeeren)

hn128.

, met dien verstande, dat men noch aan de eene, noch aan de andere zÿde zig zal mogen bedienen van zodanige zyner Landsgenooten, die zig reeds in dienst van de andere der Contracteerende Partye, het zÿ ten Oorlog, het zy op Koop vaardy Scheepen heeft geengageert, het zÿ men dezelve aan de vaste Wal, dan wel in Zee zoude mogen ontmoeten, ten zÿ de Capitein of Schipper, onder wiens bevel zodanige persoonen zig mogten bevinden dezelve vrywillig52 uit hunnen dienst wilden ontslaan op pœne, dat dezelve anderszins op den voet van Weglopers zullen worden behandeld en gestraft.

hn129.

(Dit behoord tot geen Commercie-Tractaat, eer toe een Tarif, en is de refractie geschikt na de meeste dienst van de Commercie)

hn130.

zal in alle reedelyk heid en billykheid worden gereguleert bÿ de Magistraten der respective Steden, alwaar men oordeeld, dat eenige bezwaren deswegens plaats hebben.

hn131. Formulier van Zeebrief.

Alder-Doörluchtichste, Doorluchtigste, Doorluchtige, Grootmachtighste, Grootmachtige hoogh ende Welgeboorne, Wel-Edele, Erentfeste, Achtbare, Wyse, Voorsienige Heeren Keyzeren, Koningen, Republiquen, Princen, Fursten, Hertogen, Graven, Baronnen, Heeren, Burgermeesteren, Schepenen, Raden, mitsgaders Rechteren, Officieren, Justicieren, ende Regenten aller goede Steden ende Plaatsen, het zy Geestelycke ofte Wereldtlycke, die dese opene Letteren sullen sien ofte hooren lesen: Doen Wy Burgermeesteren ende Regeerders der Stadt te weeten, dat Schipper van (voor Ons compareerende) by solemnelen eede verklaart heeft, dat het Schip, genaamt groot omtrent Lasten, ’t welk hy althans voert, in de Geunieerde Provincien t’huys behoort, en dat geen Onderdanen van den Vyandt daar in, direct of indirect, eenige portie of deel hebben, soo waarlyck moest hem Godt Almachtigh helpen. Ende want Wy den voorschreven Schipper gaerne gevordert sagen in syne rectvaerdige saken: Soo is Ons versoeck allen voornoemt, ende yeder in het bysonder, daer den voornoemden Schipper met syn Schip ende ingeladen Goederen komen sal, dat de selve gelieven den voornoemden Schipper goedelycken te ontfangen en gehoorlyck te tracteren, gedogende hem op sijne gewoonlycke Tollen ende Ongelden, in het door- ende voorby-varen, Havenen, Stroomen en Gebiedt te passeren, varen en frequenteeren omme sijne Negotiete doen, daar en soo hy te rade vindensal, het welck Wy gaarne willen verschuldigen. Des t’oirkonde deser Stede Zegel ter oorsaake hier aan hangende den

hn132. (In margine stond)

Ter ordonnanatie van de Hooge ende Mogende Heeren Staten General der Vereenighde Nederlandsche Provincien.

John Adams’ Reconstructed Draft and Translation of the Dutch Proposals, 23 April 1782; 22 August 1782 JA Netherlands, States General of JA Netherlands, States General of

1782-04-23

1782-08-22

John Adams’ Reconstructed Draft and Translation of the Dutch Proposals, 23 April 1782; 22 August 1782 Adams, John Netherlands, States General of Adams, John Netherlands, States General of
John Adams’ Reconstructed Draft and Translation of the Dutch Proposals
Reconstruction
22 August 1782

A Treaty1 of Amity and Commerce between their High Mightinesses, the States General (1)hn1 of the Seven United Provinces of the Netherlands2 and the United States (2) of America,3 to wit, New Hampshire, (3) Massachusetts, Rhode Island,4 Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, (4)hn2 Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia.

Their High Mightinesses, the States General (1)hn3 of the Seven United Provinces of the Netherlands and the United States (2)hn4 of America, to wit, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Providence Plantation, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia desiring to (3)hn5 fix in a permanent and equitable manner the rules to be observed relative to the commerce and correspondence which they intend to establish between their respective states, countries, (4)hn6 citizens,5 and subjects have judged that the said end could not be better attained than by (5)hn7 the establishment of the most perfect equality and reciprocity as the basis of their agreement (6)hn8 by carefully avoiding all those burthensome preferences which are usually the sources of debate, embarrassment, and discontent (7)hn9 by likewise leaving each party at liberty to make, respecting commerce and navigation,302 (8)hn10 such interior regulations as it shall find most convenient to itself; and (9)hn11 by founding the advantage of commerce solely upon reciprocal utility and the just rules of free intercourse, reserving withal to each party the liberty of admitting at its pleasure other nations to a participation (10)hn12 of the same advantages.6

On these principles (11)hn13 their said High Mightinesses the States General (12)7 hn14 of the seven United Provinces have appointed and constituted as their plenipotentiaries:

And the said United States of (13)hn15 America on their part have furnished with full powers Mr. John Adams, late commissioner of the United States of (14)hn16 America at the Court of Versailles, heretofore delegate in Congress from the State of Massachusetts Bay,8 and chief justice of that state.

(14)hn17 The aforementioned plenipotentiaries after exchanging their powers and after full deliberation have concluded and resolved on the following articles.

I9 hn18

There shall be a firm, inviolable, and universal peace and sincere friendship between their High Mightinesses the (1)hn19 States (2) of the seven United Provinces of the Netherlands and the United States of (3)hn20 America, and the subjects, citizens, and inhabitants of the said parties and between the countries, islands, cities, and towns situated under the jurisdiction of the said United (4)hn21 Provinces of the Netherlands and the United States of303 America and the (5)hn22 citizens and people of every degree without exception of persons (6)hn23 or places.10

hn24 II12 hn25

The subjects of the said States (1)hn26 of the Netherlands shall pay in the ports, havens, roads, countries, islands, cities, or places of the United States of America or any of them, no other nor greater duties or imposts of whatever nature or denomination they may be, than those which the nations (2) hn27 the most favored are or shall be obliged to pay (23)hn28, and they shall enjoy all the rights, liberties, privileges, immunities, and exemptions in trade, navigation, and commerce, whether in passing from one port in the said states to another or in going to and from the same from and to any (34)hn29 port of the world which the said nations do or shall enjoy. (45)hn30

304 III14

The subjects and (56)hn31 citizens of the said United States of America shall pay in the ports, havens, roads, countries, islands, cities, or places of the said United (67)hn32 Provinces or any of them, no other nor greater duties or imposts of whatever nature or denomination they may be, than those which the nations the (78)hn33 most favored (9) are or shall be obliged to pay (810), and they shall enjoy all the rights, liberties, privileges, immunities, and exemptions in trade, navigation, and commerce, whether in passing from one port in the said states to another or in going to and from the same from and to any (911)hn34 port of the world which the (1012)hn35 said favored nations (12) hn36 do or shall enjoy. (1113)hn37

IV17 hn38

There shall be a full perfect and entire liberty of conscience allowed to the citizens and subjects (1)hn39 of each party and to their families (2)hn40 as to matters of religion and a full and entire liberty to worship in their own way without any kind of molestation. Moreover liberty shall be given to the citizens and subjects (3)hn41 of either party who die in the territories of the other to be interred in (4)hn42 convenient and de-305cent places to be appointed for that purpose as occasion shall require; neither shall the dead bodies of those who are buried be any wise molested.hn43

V19 hn44

Their High Mightinesses the States (1)hn45 of the seven United Provinces of the Netherlands shall endeavor by all the means in their power to protect and defend all vessels and other effects belonging to the (2)hn46 citizens, people, residents, or subjects (3)hn47 of the said United States of America or any of them, being in their ports, havens, or roads (4)hn48 or on the seas near to their countries, islands, cities, or towns, and to recover and cause to be restored to the right owners, their agents, or attorneys all such vessels and effects as shall be taken within their jurisdiction. And their (5)hn49 ships of war or any convoys sailing under their authority shall upon all occasions take under their protection all vessels belonging to (6)hn50 the subjects, people, or inhabitants of the said United States of America or any of them, holding the same course or going the same way, and shall defend such vessels as long as they hold the same course or (7)hn51 go the same way, against all attacks, force, and violence (8)hn52 in the same manner as they ought to protect and defend306 vessels belonging to (9)hn53 the subjects of their said High Mightinesses.

VI20 hn54

The United States of America shall endeavor by all the means in their power to protect and defend all vessels and other effects belonging to the citizens, people, residents, or subjects of the said United Provinces of the Netherlands or any of them, being in their ports, havens, or roads or on the seas near to their countries, islands, cities, or towns, and to recover and cause to be restored to the right owners, their agents, or attorneys all such vessels and effects as shall be taken within their jurisdiction. And their ships of war or any convoys sailing under their authority shall upon all occasions take under their protection all vessels belonging to the subjects, people, or inhabitants of the said United Provinces of the Netherlands or any of them, holding the same course or going the same way, and shall defend such vessels as long as they hold the same course or go the same way against all attacks, force, and violence in the same manner as they ought to protect and defend vessels belonging to the subjects of the said United States of America.

VII21 hn55

hn56 It shall be lawful and free for merchants and others being subjects of the seven United Provinces of the Netherlands or the United States of America by will, or any other disposition made either during the time of sickness or at any other time before or at the point of death, to devise or give away to such person or 307 persons as to them shall seem good their effects, merchandizes, money, debts, or goods, moveable or immoveable, which they have or ought to have at the time of their death or at any time before within the countries, islands, cities, towns, or dominions belonging to either of the said contracting parties. Moreover whether they die having made their wills or intestate, their lawful heirs, executors, or administrators residing in the dominions of either of the contracting parties or coming from any other part although they be not naturalized and without having their right contested or impeded under pretext of any rights or prerogatives of provinces, cities, or private persons shall freely and quietly receive and take possession of all the said goods and effects whatsoever according to the laws of each country respectively in such manner however that the wills and right of entering upon the inheritances of persons dying intestate must be proved according to the law in those places where each person may happen to die as well by the subjects of one as of the other contracting party, any law, statute, edict, custom, ordinance, or right whatsoever notwithstanding.

VIII22 hn57

It shall be lawful and free for the subjects of each party to employ such advocates, attorneys, notaries, solicitors, or factors as they shall think fit, to which end the said advocates and others abovementioned may be appointed by the ordinary judges if it be needful and the judges be thereunto required.

308 IX23 hn58

Merchants, masters of ships, owners, mariners, men of all kinds, ships and vessels, and all merchandise and goods in general and effects of one of the confederates or of the subjects thereof shall not be seized or detained in any of the countries, lands, islands, cities, towns, ports, havens, shores, or dominions whatsoever of the other confederate for (1)hn59 public use, warlike expeditions, or the private use of anyone by arrests, violence, or any color thereof. Moreover it shall be unlawful for the subjects of either party to take anything or to extort it by force from the subjects of the other party without the consent of the person to whom it belongs, which however is not to be understood of that seizure and detention (2)hn60 which (3)hn61 shall be made by the command and authority of justice and by the ordinary methods on account of debt or crimes in respect whereof the proceedings must be by way of law according to the forms of justice.

X24 hn62

It is further agreed and concluded that it shall be wholly free for all merchants, commanders of ships, and other subjects of their High Mightinesses the States (1)hn63 of the seven United Provinces of the Netherlands hn64 in all places subject to the dominion and jurisdiction of the said United States of America to manage their own business themselves or to employ whomsoever they please to manage it for them nor shall they be obliged to make use of any interpreter or bro-309ker nor to pay any salary or fees unless they choose to make use of them. Moreover masters of ships shall not be obliged in loading or unloading their ships to make use of those workmen that may be appointed by public authority for that purpose, but it shall be entirely free for them to load or unload their ships by themselves or to make use of such persons in loading or unloading (2)hn65 the same as they shall think fit without paying any fees or salary to any other whomsoever. Neither shall they be forced to unload any sort of merchandises (3) either into other ships or to receive them into their own or to wait for their being loaded longer than they please. And all and every one of the (4) citizens, people, and residents of the said United States of America shall reciprocally have and enjoy the same privileges and liberties in all places whatsoever subject to the dominion and jurisdiction of their High Mightinesses the States (5) of the seven United Provinces of the Netherlands.

XI25 hn66

The merchant ships of either of the parties (1)hn67 which shall be making into a port belonging to the enemy of the other ally and (2) concerning whose voyage and the species of goods on board her there shall be just grounds of suspicion shall be obliged to exhibit as well upon the high seas as in the ports310 and havens not only her passports but likewise certificates expressly showing that her goods are not of the number of those which have been prohibited as contraband. (3)hn68

XII26 hn69

If by (1)hn70 exhibiting the above said certificates the other party discover there are any of those sort of goods which are prohibited and declared contraband and consigned for a port under the obedience of his enemy, it shall not be lawful to break up the hatches of such ship or to open any chest, coffers, packs, casks, or any other vessels found therein or to remove the smallest parcel of her goods whether such ship belongs to the subjects of their High Mightinesses the States (2)hn71 of the seven United Netherlands provinces (3)hn72 or the citizens or inhabitants of the said United States of America unless the lading be brought on shore in the presence of the officers of the court of admiralty and an inventory thereof made, but there shall be no allowance to sell, exchange, or alienate the same in any manner (4)hn73 until after that due and lawful process shall have been had against such prohibited (5)hn74 goods, and the court of admiralty shall by a sentence pronounced have confiscated the same, saving always as well the ship itself as any other goods found311 therein which are to be esteemed free; neither may they be detained on pretence of their being as it were infected by the prohibited goods, much less shall they be confiscated as lawful prize. (6)hn75 But if not the whole cargo but only part thereof shall consist of prohibited or contraband goods and the commander of the ship shall be ready and willing to deliver them to the captor who has discovered them, in such case the captor having received those goods shall forthwith discharge the ship and not hinder her by any means freely to prosecute the voyage on which she was bound. But in case the contraband merchandises cannot be all received on board the vessel of the captor, then the captor may, notwithstanding the offer of delivering him the contraband goods, carry the vessel into the nearest port agreeably to what is above directed.

XIII28 hn76

On the contrary, it is agreed that whatever shall be found to be laden by the subjects and inhabitants of either party on any ship belonging to the enemies of the other or to their subjects, the whole, although it be not of the sort of pro-312hibited goods, may be confiscated in the same manner as if it belonged to the enemy, except such goods and merchandises as were put on board such ship before the declaration of war (1)hn77 or even after such declaration, if so be it were done without knowledge of such declaration so that the goods of the subjects and people of either party, whether they be of the nature of such as are prohibited or otherwise, which as is aforesaid were put on board any ship belonging to an enemy before the war or after the declaration of the same without the knowledge of it, shall no wise be liable to confiscation but shall well and truly be restored without delay to the proprietors (2)hn78 demanding the same but (3) so as that if the said merchandises be contraband, it shall not be any ways lawful to carry them afterwards to any ports belonging to the enemy.

The two contracting parties agree that the term of two months being elapsed after the declaration of war, their respective subjects from whatever part of the world they come shall not plead the ignorance mentioned in this article.

XIV30 hn79

And that more effectual care may be taken for the security of the subjects and people of either party that they do not suffer any injury by the men of war or privateers of the other party, all the commanders of the ships of war and the armed vessels of the said States (1)hn80 of the seven United Provinces of the Netherlands and of the said United States of (2)hn81 America and all their (3)hn82 subjects and peo-313ple shall be forbid doing any injury or damage to the other side, and if they act to the contrary they shall be (4)hn83 punished and shall moreover be bound to (5)hn84 make satisfaction for all matter of damage and the interest thereof by reparation under the pain and obligation of their persons and goods.

hn85 XV32 hn86

All ships and merchandise of what nature soever which shall be rescued out of the hands of any pirates or robbers (1)hn87 on the high seas shall be brought into some port of either state and shall be delivered to the custody of the officers of that port in order to be restored entire to the true proprietor as soon as due and sufficient proofs shall be made concerning the property thereof. (2)33 hn88

314 XVI34 hn89

If any ships or vessels belonging to either of the parties, their subjects, or people shall within the coasts or dominions of the other stick upon the sands or be wrecked or suffer any other (1)hn90 damage, all friendly assistance and relief shall be given to the persons shipwrecked or such as shall be in danger thereof, (2)hn91 and letters of safe conduct shall likewise be given to them for their free and quiet passage from thence and the return of everyone to his own country.

315 XVII35 hn92

In case the subjects or people of either party with their shipping, whether public and of war or private and of merchants, be forced through stress of weather, pursuit of pirates or enemies, or any other urgent necessity for seeking of shelter and harbor to retreat and enter into any of the rivers, creeks, bays, havens, roads, ports, or shores belonging to the other party, they shall be received and treated with all humanity and kindness and enjoy all friendly protection and help, and they shall be permitted to refresh and provide themselves at reasonable rates with victuals and all things needful for the sustenance of their persons or reparation of their ships, and they shall no ways be detained or hindered from returning out of the said ports or roads but may remove and depart when and whither they please without any let or hindrance.

XVIII36 hn93

For the better promoting of commerce on both sides, it is agreed that if a war should break out between (1) the said two nations, six months after the proclamation of war shall be allowed to the merchants in the cities and towns where they live for selling and transporting their goods and merchandizes; and if anything be taken from them or any injury be done to them within that term by either party or the people or subjects of either, full satisfaction shall be made for the same.

316 XIX37 hn94

No subjects of their High Mightinesses the States (1)hn95 of the seven United Provinces of the Netherlands shall apply for or take any commission or letter of marque for arming any ship or ships to act as privateers against the said United States of (2)hn96 America or any of them or the subjects, (3)hn97 people, or residents of the said United States or any of them or against the propple-317erty of the inhabitants of any of them from any prince or state with which the said United States of (4)hn98 America shall happen to be at war. Nor shall any citizen, subject, or (5)hn99 residents of the said United States of (6)hn100 America or any of them apply for or take any commission or letters of marque for arming any ship or ships to act as privateers against (7)hn101 the subjects (8) of their said High Mightinesses or any of them or the property of any of them from any prince or state with which the said (9)hn102 state (10) shall be at war. And if any person of either nation shall take such commission or letters of marque, he shall be punished as a pirate.38 hn103

XX39 hn104

The ships of the subjects and inhabitants of either of the parties coming upon any coast belonging to either of the said allies but not willing to enter into port or being entered into port and not willing to unload their cargoes or break bulk (1)hn105 they shall be treated according to the general rules prescribed or to be prescribed relative to the object in question.

XXI40 hn106

The two contracting parties grant to each other mutually the liberty of having each in the ports318 of the other consuls, vice consuls, agents, and commissaries of their own appointing whose functions shall be regulated by particular agreement whenever either party chooses to make such appointment.

XXII41 hn107

It is agreed between the two contracting parties that no clause, article, matter, or thing herein contained shall be taken or understood, either in present or future, contrary to the clauses, articles, covenants, and stipulations in two treaties, one of Amity and Commerce and the other of Alliance, between the said United States of America and the most Christian King executed at Paris on the sixth day of February one thousand seven hundred and seventy-eight, or any of them but the same shall be taken and understood consistently with and conformably to the said treaty.

XXIII

It is further agreed between the two contracting parties that to his Catholic Majesty the King of Spain is reserved the right to accede to the two abovementioned treaties between his most Christian Majesty and the said United States of America, one of amity and commerce and the other of alliance, concluded at Paris on the sixth day of February one thousand seven hundred and seventy-eight, with such changes, not derogating from this treaty, as shall be mutually agreed upon between his above mentioned Catholic Majesty and the said United States; and that no clause, article, matter, or thing herein contained, shall be 319 taken or understood, either in the present or the future as contrary to the clauses, articles, covenants, and stipulations in such treaties made or still to be made, between his Catholic Majesty and said United States.

XXIV43 hn108

Their High Mightinesses the Estates of the Seven United Provinces of Holland will employ their good offices and interposition with the King or Emperor of Morocco or Fez, the regency of Algiers, Tunis, or Tripoli, or with any of them, and also with every other prince, state, or power on the coast of Barbary in Africa, and the subjects of the said king, emperor, states, and powers and each of them in order to provide as fully and efficaciously as possible for the benefit, conveniency, and safety of the said United States and each of them, their subjects, people, and inhabitants, and their vessels and effects against all violence, insult, attacks, or depredations on the part of the said princes or states of Barbary or their subjects. Contraband

XXV44 hn109

This liberty of navigation and commerce shall extend to all kinds of merchandises excepting those only which are distinguished by the name of contraband or prohibited goods; and under this name of contraband or prohibited goods (1)hn110 shall be comprehended (2)hn111 arms, (3)hn112 great guns, (4) bombs with their fuzees and other things belonging to them, fire balls, gunpowder, match, cannon balls, pikes, (5) swords and broadswords, lances, spears, halberds, (6) mortars, pe-320tards, grenades, saltpeter, muskets, musket ball, helmets, head pieces, breast-plates, coats of mail, and the like kinds of arms proper for arming soldiers, musket-rests, belts, horses with their furniture, and all other warlike instruments whatever.

(7)hn113 These merchandises which follow (8) shall not be reckoned among contraband or prohibited goods, that is to say, all sorts of cloths and all other manufactures made of wool, flax, hemp, silk, cotton, or any other materials whatever; all kinds of wearing apparel together with the species whereof they are used to be made; gold and silver as well coined as uncoined, tin, iron, lead, copper, brass; as also wheat and barley, and every other kind of corn and pulse, tobacco and likewise all manner of spices, salted and smoked flesh, salted fish, cheese, butter, beer, oils, wines, cider, sugars, syrups, and all sorts of salt; and in general all provisions which serve to the nourishment of mankind and the sustenance of life; furthermore all kinds of cotton, hemp, flax, tar, pitch, turpentine, ropes, cables, sails, sailcloths, anchors, and any parts of anchors; also ship masts, planks, boards and beams of what trees soever, and all other things proper either for building or repairing ships, and all other goods whatsoever which have not been worked into the form of any instrument or thing prepared for war by land or by sea shall not be reputed contraband, much less such as have already been wrought and made up for any other use; all which shall (9) be wholly reckoned among free goods, as hn114 likewise all other merchandises and things which are not comprehended 321and particularly mentioned in the foregoing enumeration of contraband goods; so that they may be transported and carried in the freest manner by the subjects and citizens of both confederates (10)hn115 even to places belonging to an enemy, such towns or places being only excepted as are at that time besieged, blocked up, or invested (11)hn116.

XXVI46 hn117

To the end that all manner of dissention and quarrels may be avoided and prevented on both sides, it is agreed that in case either of the parties hereto should be engaged in war, the ships and vessels belonging to the subjects or (1)hn118 citizens of the other ally must be furnished with sea letters or passports expressing the name, property or bulk of the ship or vessel as also the name, place or habitation of the master or commander of the said ship or vessel that it may appear thereby that the ship really and truly belongs to the subjects or citizens of one of the parties; which passport shall be made out and granted according to the form annexed to this treaty. (2)hn119 They shall likewise be recalled every year, that is, if the ship or vessel happens to return home within the space of a year. It is likewise agreed that such ships or vessels being laden (3)hn120 are to be provided not only with passports (4)hn121 as abovementioned, but also with certificates containing the several particulars of the cargo, the place from whence 322 the ship sailed and whither she is bound, that so it may be known whether any forbidden or contraband goods be on board the same; which certificates shall be made out by the officers of the place whence the ship or vessel set sail in the accustomed form, and if any shall think it fit or advisable to express in the said (5)hn122 certificates the persons to whom the goods on board belong, he may freely do so. (6)hn123

XXVII49 hn124

The ships or vessels of the subjects or citizens of either of the parties coming upon coasts belonging to either of the said confederates but not willing to enter into port, or being entered into port and not willing to unload their cargoes or break bulk, shall not be obliged to give an account of their lading unless they should be suspected or some manifest tokens of carrying to the enemy of the other ally any prohibited goods called contraband:323 and in case of such manifest suspicion the said subjects and citizens of either of the parties shall be obliged to exhibit in the ports their passports and certificates in the manner before specified.

XXVIII50 hn125

If the ships or vessels of the said subjects or people of either of the parties shall be met with sailing along the coasts or on the high seas by any ships of war, privateers, or armed vessels of the other party, for the avoiding of any disorder, shall remain out of cannon shot, and may send their boats aboard the merchant ship which they shall so meet with and may enter her to the number of two or three men only, to whom the master or commander of such ship or vessel shall exhibit his passport concerning the property of the ship or vessel made out according to the form annexed to this present treaty, and the ship or vessel after such passport (1)hn126 has been shown shall be free and at liberty to pursue her voyage, so as it shall not be lawful to molest or search her in any manner, to give her chase, or force her to quit her intended course.

XXIX51 hn127

It shall be lawfull for merchants, captains, and commanders of vessels, whether public and of war, or private and of merchants, belonging to the said United States of America or any of them, or to their subjects, citizens, and inhabitants, to take freely into their service and receive on board of their vessels, in any port or place in the jurisdiction of their High Mightinesses aforesaid,324 seamen or others, natives, citizens, or inhabitants of any of the said states upon such conditions as they shall agree on, without being subject for this to any fine, penalty, punishment, process, or reprehension whatsoever.

And reciprocally, all merchants, captains, and commanders belonging to the said seven United Provinces of the Netherlands shall enjoy in all the ports and places under the obedience of the said United States of America the same privilege of engaging and receiving seamen or others, natives, citizens, or inhabitants of any country of the denomination of the said States General . hn128

325 XXXhn129

The affair of the refraction &c. 53 hn130

Form of the passporthn131 which shall be given to ships and vessels in consequence of the 30th article of this treaty.54

To all who shall see these presents, greeting. Be it known that leave and permission are hereby given to master or commander of the ship or vessel called of the of burden tons or thereabouts, lying at present in the port or haven of bound for and laden with to depart and proceed with his said ship or vessel on his said voyage, such ship or vessel having been visited, and the said master and commander having made oath before the proper officer that the said ship or vessel belongs to one or more of the subjects, people, or inhabitants of and to him or them only. In witness whereof we have subscribed our names to these presents and affixed the seal of our arms thereto and caused the same to be countersigned by at this day of in the year of our Lord Christ .hn132

326

Form of the certificate which shall be given to ships or vessels in consequence of the 30th article of this treaty.

We Magistrates (or officers of the customs) of the city or port of do certify and attest that on the day of in the year of our Lord , c.d. of personally appeared before us and declared by solemn oath that the ship or vessel called of tons or thereabouts, whereof of is at present master or commander, does rightfully and properly belong to him or them only. That she is now bound from the city or port of to the port of laden with goods and merchandises hereunder particularly described and enumerated as follows:

In witness whereof we have signed this certificate and sealed it with the seal of our office this day of in the year of our Lord Christ.

Remarks and Further Propositions
hn1.

(1) of the United Netherlands

hn2.

(The treaty with France has)

(2) States of North America

(3) Massachusetts Bay

(4) The Counties of Newcastle, Kent, and Sussex on the Delaware

hn3.

(1) of the United Netherlands

hn4.

(2) of North America (as in the treaty with France)

hn5.

(3) determine

hn6.

(4) subjects and inhabitants

hn7.

(5) establishing

hn8.

(6) with avoidance of

hn9.

(7) by

hn10.

(8) such ulterior

hn11.

(9) to found

hn12.

(10) in

hn13.

(11) have

hn14.

(12) of the United Netherlands named the Lords . . . From the midst of the meeting of their High Mightinesses deputed:

hn15.

(13) North

hn16.

(13) North

hn17.

(14) who have agreed and concluded

hn18.

I
hn19.

(1) Lords (2) General of the United Netherlands

hn20.

(3) North

hn21.

(4) Netherlands

hn22.

(5) their subjects and inhabitants (The treaty with France has, and appears to be also more suitable)

hn23.

(6) and places

hn24. II

(Taken from the 25th article of the truce with Portugal done at The Hague, 12 June 1641, and also the 10th of the treaty with France)11

The mutual subjects and inhabitants irrespective of their nation, condition, state, place, or religion who have been born or have lived in either territory shall be allowed to visit, sail, and trade in all sorts of merchandise and commerce of which the import and export has not been generally forbidden, in all of each other’s provinces, countries, and islands in Europe and North America and elsewhere as with the most favored nations of Europe.

hn25.

III
hn26.

(1) General of the United

hn27.

(2) of Europe 13

hn28.

(23) there

hn29.

(34) foreign

hn30.

(45) Likewise shall

hn31.

(56) inhabitants

hn32.

(67) Netherlands

hn33.

(78) favored

(9) of Europe

(as in the treaty with France)15

(810) there

hn34.

(911) foreign

hn35.

(1012) most favored

hn36.

(12) of Europe

hn37.

(1113) And the United States of North America, with their subjects and inhabitants, will leave to those of their High Mightinesses the States General of the United Netherlands the peaceable enjoyment of their rights in the countries, islands, and seas in the East and West Indies without any hindrance or molestation.16

hn38. IV

(IV unnecessary, and because it cannot be found in the treaty with France, it is to be skipped or to be changed as follows:)

hn39.

(1) and inhabitants

hn40.

(2) and no one shall be molested in regard to his worship, provided he submits, as to the public demonstration of it, to the laws of the country.

hn41.

(3) and inhabitants

hn42.

(4) the usual burial places, or

hn43.

And will be permitted for the abovementioned high United States of America in the thirteen respective colonies, and whenever it will later be necessary, that the inhabitants of those countries18 may henceforward obtain the requisite certificates in cases of deaths in which they shall be interested.

hn44.

V
hn45.

(1) General of the United Netherlands, and the United States of North America

hn46.

(2) mutual

hn47.

(3) and inhabitants

hn48.

(4) inland seas, streams, rivers and as far as their jurisdiction extends at sea

hn49.

(5) vessels of war and convoys, in cases when they may have a common enemy shall

hn50.

(6) the subjects and inhabitants of either party which shall not be laden with contraband goods, according to the description of them hereafter, for places with which one of the parties is in peace and the other at war, nor destined for any place blocked and which shall hold

hn51.

(7) go

hn52.

(8) of the common enemy

hn53.

(9) their own respective

hn54.

(VI can be omitted if V is changed as above and phrased reciprocally.)

hn55. VI

(Instead of this article, use the 39th article of the Treaty of Naples of 1753, which is as follows:)

hn56.

The subjects of the contracting parties may, on one side and on the other, in their respective countries and states, dispose of their effects by testament, donation, or otherwise; and their heirs, subjects of one of the parties, residing in the country of the other, or elsewhere, shall receive such successions, even ab intestato, whether in person or by their attorney or substitute, even although they shall not have obtained letters of naturalization, without having the effect of such commission contested under pretext of any rights or prerogatives of any province, city, or private person. And if the heirs to whom such successions may have fallen shall be minors, the tutors or curators established by the judge domiciliary of the said minors may govern, direct, administer, sell, and alienate the effects fallen to the said minors by inheritance, and, in general, in relation to the said successions and effects, use all the rights and fulfill all the functions which belong by the diposition of the laws to guardians, tutors, and curators, provided nevertheless that this disposition cannot take place, but in cases where the testator shall not have named guardians, tutors, curators by testament, codicil, or other legal instrument.

hn57. VII

(Because of the ambiguity, omit the underlined words; while it speaks for itself that the judges can appoint lawyers etc., but not just any person upon the demand of someone else, and, whoever it might be, give the power, because he would otherwise not be allowed to do this.)

hn58.

VIII
hn59.

(1) public

hn60.

(2) and arrests

hn61.

(3) will

hn62.

IX
hn63.

(1) General of the United Netherlands

hn64.

(All the words printed in italics should be omitted, it not being unreasonable that if others want to use it, they use the one which the law thereto prefers.)

hn65.

(And to avoid confusion, add)

(2) As long as one obeys the orders of loading and unloading and the supplying and transporting of goods and wares from and to the ships and from the one place to the other according to the laws so as to prevent frauds unless otherwise stated.

(3) unload against their will, but with their unbroken cargoes to be allowed to sail out to sea again; they will not be forced either to receive any goods against their will into their ships, or wait longer for their cargo than they would like to; but the loading or unloading which are done voluntarily will be subject to the payment of the rights which broken cargoes are subject to.

(4) subjects and inhabitants

(5) General of the United Netherlands, which they will navigate according to the second and third article of this treaty.

hn66.

X
hn67.

(1) coming from the port of an enemy or from their own or a neutral port may navigate freely (2) they shall be nevertheless held whenever it shall be required to exhibit . . . their sea letters and other documents described in the 26th article

hn68.

(3) and not having any contraband goods for an enemy’s port, they may freely and without hindrance proceed. Nevertheless, it shall not be required to examine the papers of vessels convoyed by vessels of war, but credence shall be given to the word of the officer who shall conduct the convoy.

hn69.

XI
hn70.

(1) exhibiting the sea letters and other documents described more particularly in the 26th article of this treaty

hn71.

(2) General of the United Netherlands

hn72.

(3) or to subjects

hn73.

(4) then after that

hn74.

(5) contraband

hn75.

(6) (That which is printed in italics appears to be useful against the seizure of ships, but it leads to piracy and therefore should be omitted, and in its stead should be written the following from the 26th article of the treaty with France of April 11th, 1713.)27

But, on the contrary, when by the visitation on land it shall be found that there are no contraband goods in the vessel, and it shall not appear by the papers that he who has taken and carried in the vessel has been able to discover any there, he ought to be condemned in all the charges, damages, and interests of them which he shall have caused to the owners of vessels, and to the owners and freighters of cargoes with which they shall be loaded, by his temerity in taking and carrying them in; declaring most expressly the free vessels shall assure the liberty of the effects with which they shall be loaded, and that this liberty shall extend itself to persons who shall be found in a free vessel, who may not be taken out of her, unless they are military men actually in the service of the enemy.

hn76.

XII
hn77.

(Rather to avoid all discussion about the ignorance or knowledge of the declaration)

(1) or within six three 29 months after it, which effects

hn78.

(2) who shall claim them or cause them to be claimed before the confiscation and sale and be restored in nature

(3) as also their proceeds, if the claim could not be made, but in the space of eight months after the sale, which ought to be public

hn79.

XIII
hn80.

(1) General of the United Netherlands

hn81.

(2) North

hn82.

(3) officers

hn83.

(4) upon the first complaint which shall be made of it, being found guilty after a just examination, punished by their proper judges

hn84.

(5) obtain

hn85. XIV31

For further determining of what has been said, all captains of privateers, or fitters-out of vessels armed for war, under commission and on account of private persons, shall be held before their departure to give sufficient caution before competent judges, either, to be entirely responsible for the malversations which they may commit in their cruises or voyages, as well as for the contraventions of their captains and officers against the present treaty, and against the ordinances and edicts which shall be published in consequence of and conformity to it, under pain of forfeiture and nullity of the said commissions.

hn86.

XV
hn87.

(1) navigating the high seas without requisite commissions

hn88.

(2) But concerning the recapture of prizes belonging to each other’s subjects from the common enemy by the warships and commissioned vessels of the mutual contracting parties, reference will be made to the convention of 1 May 1781 between His Majesty the King of France and the States General of the United Netherlands, which being inserted here will remove all doubt regarding this. Copies of this convention and of the rules contained in it shall be attached to this treaty.

Would it not be possible to insert here, word for word, the content of the convention of 1 May 1781 between France and the Republic, without, however, naming the convention itself?

It will also be necessary, in view of the much greater distance from America compared with that from France, to stipulate that in all cases the restitution of prizes retaken from the enemy will be admitted under sufficient surety.

hn89.

XVI
hn90.

(1) sea-

hn91.

(Mostly taken from the 35th article of aforementioned treaty of 1713 as follows:)

(2) and the vessels, effects, and merchandises, or the part of them which shall have been saved, or the proceeds of them if, being perishable, they shall have been sold, being claimed within a year and a day by the masters or owners or their agents or attorneys, shall be restored paying only the reasonable charges and that which must be paid in the same case for the salvage by the proper subjects of the country.

hn92.

XVII
hn93. XVIII

(It is unclear whether the addition made in this 18th article, as far as people who find themselves within the country, was taken from several old treaties, in the words if anything be taken from them, which would denote the taking of prizes at sea. If yes, it appears to have no effect. It is hereby proposed to keep the first section and clarify the second section, making it more elaborate as is found in the 41st article of aforementioned treaty of 1713, which reads as follows:)

(1) their High Mightinesses, the States General of the United Netherlands and the United States of North America, there shall always be granted to the subjects on each side the term of nine months after the date of the rupture or the proclamation of war, to the end that they may retire with their effects and transport them where they please, which it shall be lawful for them to do; as well as to sell or transport their effects and goods in all freedom and without any hindrance, and without being able to proceed, during the said term of nine months, to any arrest of their effects, much less of their persons; on the contrary, there shall be given them, for their vessels and effects which they would carry away, passports and safe conducts, for the nearest ports of their respective countries, and for the time necessary for the voyage. And no prize made at sea shall be judged lawful, at least if the declaration of war was not or could not be known in the last port which the vessel taken has quitted. But for whatever may have been taken from the subjects and inhabitants of either party, and for the offenses which may have been given them in the interval of the said terms, a complete satisfaction shall be given them.

hn94.

XIX
hn95.

(1) General of the United Netherlands

hn96.

(2) North

hn97.

(3) and inhabitants

hn98.

(4) North

hn99.

(5) inhabitants

hn100.

(6) North

hn101.

(7) their High Mightinesses States General of the United Netherlands, or against (8) or inhabitants

hn102.

(9) states

(10) will

hn103.

It is proposed to amplify this article with a reciprocal regulation similar to that which has been enacted by their High Mightinesses in their placard of 3 November 1756.

hn104.

XX
hn105.

(1) or take in any cargo, according to Art. 9, they shall not be obliged to pay, neither for the vessels nor the cargoes, any duties of entry in or out, nor to render any account of their cargoes, at least if there is not just cause to presume that they carry to an enemy merchandises of contraband.

hn106.

XXI
hn107.

(XXIInd and the following apparently should be omitted; anyone is at liberty to propose or adopt articles, but not articles that go against treaties with other powers; existing conventions cannot be undone by contrary stipulations with third parties.)

For articles 22 and 23 substitute the following article 22.

Article 22.

This treaty will not be understood to derogate in any way from articles 9, 10, 17, and 2242 of the treaty of commerce in the year 1778 between France and said states of America and shall not hinder in any way his Catholic Majesty from acceding to it and of enjoying the advantages of the said four articles.

hn108.

(One should be excused from XXIV because it would be onerous and would be the occasion for others with whom her High Mightinesses are in peace and amity to require the same, and to be of no essential use, while the Court of France has taken it up.)

hn109.

XXII
hn110.

(1) only

hn111.

(2) warlike stores or

hn112.

(3) as mortars (4) with their artifices and appurtenances, fusils, pistols, bombs, grenades, gunpowder, saltpeter, sulphur (5) swords

(6) casques, cuirasses, and other sorts of arms, as also soldiers, horses, saddles, and furniture for horses.

hn113.

(7) All other goods, wares, and

(8) whatever named merchandises, not before specified expressly, and even all sorts of naval matters, however proper they may be for the construction and equipment of vessels of war or for the manufacture of one or another sort of machines of war by land or sea, shall not be judged contraband, neither by the letter nor according to any pretended interpretation whatever ought they or can they be comprehended under the notion of effects prohibited or contraband, so that all effects and merchandises which are not expressly before named may, without exception, be transported.45

hn114.

(9) but

hn115.

(10) from and

hn116.

(11) and those places only shall be held for such which are surrounded nearly by one of the belligerent powers.

hn117.

XXIII
hn118.

(1) inhabitants

hn119.

(2) each time that the vessel shall return, she should have such her passport renewed, or at least they ought not to be of more ancient date than two47 one years before the vessel has been returned to her own country.

hn120.

(3) are to be

hn121.

(4) or sea letters mentioned above, but also with a general passport, or with particular passports or manifests or other public documents which are ordinarily given to vessels outward bound in the ports from whence the vessels have set sail in the last place, containing a specification of the cargo, of the place from whence the vessel departed, and that of her destination, or instead of these, certificates from the magistrates or governors of cities, places, and colonies from whence the vessel left, given in the usual form, to the end that it may be known whether there are any effects prohibited or contraband on board of the vessels, and whether they are destined to an enemy’s country or not.

hn122.

(5) records

hn123.

(6) without, however, being bound to do it; and the omission of such expression cannot or ought not to cause a confiscation.

(7) 2 Be it understood that the disposition made in this article will not subject such vessels which, having been unable to return home after the declaration of war, have been been unable to procure the required passports and sea letters. 48

hn124.

(XXVII apparently can be omitted because it is the same as XX, particularly after the addition proposed to be made to that article.)

hn125.

XXIV
hn126.

(1) sea letter and other records

hn127.

(This article cannot be admitted in this general form. In peacetime recruiting likely will not be refused for deaths, desertion, or other causes, but one cannot accord a general permission for the recruiting of warships.)

hn128.

, provided that neither on one side nor the other, they may not take in to their service such of their countrymen who have already engaged in the service of the other party contracting, whether in war or trade, and whether they meet them by land or sea; at least if the captains or masters under the command of whom such persons may be found will,52 of his own consent, discharge them from their service, upon pain of being otherwise treated and punished as deserters.

hn129.

(This does not belong to a treaty of commerce, rather to a tariff, and the refraction is appropriate for the greater service of commerce.)

hn130.

shall be regulated, in all equity and justice, by the magistrates of cities, respectively, where it shall be judged that there is any room to complain in this respect.

hn131. Form of the Sea Letter

Most serene, serene, most puissant, puissant, high, illustrious, noble, honorable, venerable, wise and prudent lords, emperors, kings, republics, princes, dukes, earls, barons, lords, burgomasters, schepens, councillors, as also judges, officers, justiciaries, and regents of all the good cities and places, whether ecclesiastical or secular, who shall see these patents or hear them read: We, burgomasters and regents of the city of make known, that the master of of appearing before us has declared upon oath that the vessel called of the burden of about lasts, which he at present navigates, is of the United Provinces, and that no subjects of the enemy have any part or portion therein, directly nor indirectly, so may God almighty help him. And as we wish to see the said master prosper in his lawful affairs, our prayer is to all the abovementioned, and to each of them separately, where the said master shall arrive with his vessel and cargo, that they may please to receive the said master with goodness and to treat him in a becoming manner, permitting him, upon the usual tolls and expenses in passing and repassing, to pass, navigate, and frequent the ports, rivers, and territories to the end to transact his business, where and in what manner he shall judge proper, whereof we shall be willingly indebted.

In witness and for cause whereof, we affix hereto the seal of this city.

hn132.

(In the margin)

By ordinance of the High and Mighty Lords, the States General of the United Netherlands.

MS not found. Reprinted from “Extract uit het Register der Resolutien van de Hoog Mogende Heeren Staaten Generaal der vereenigde Nederlanden,” 21 May 1782, with written insertions in an unknown hand (Adams Papers); endorsed: “Treaty proposed to me by the Comtee: of their H. M. the 22 of August. 1782”; cover sheet in CFA’s hand: “N.B. Project of a Treaty presented by the authorities of Holland for the consideration of John Adams, the Envoy of the United States 22 August 1782.” This document is filmed at 22–29 Aug. 1782 Adams Papers, Microfilms, Reel No. 357. Another copy of the 21 May printed extract is in the Adams Papers and was filmed at 21 May (same). The two documents differ in that the copy that JA received on 22 Aug. consists of pages 3 through 24. The leaf containing pages 1 and 2 may not have been included with the copy submitted to JA on 22 Aug. because page 1 consisted of the instrument by which the States General sub-327mitted the draft treaty to the various Provincial States, containing a brief account of preliminary meetings with JA and the States General’s consideration of the draft to that point, while page 2 was blank. For an explanation of the editors’ decision to reconstruct JA’s draft rather than simply translate the Dutch text, see the Editorial Note to the group document, above. For the sources of the particular articles see the annotation below.

Printed Copy (Adams Papers); endorsed: “Remarks of Amsterdam in Dutch”; accompanied by a French translation by C. W. F. Dumas. All of the handwritten passages on the copy of the draft and suggestions for revisions submitted to JA on 22 Aug. were derived from Amsterdam’s remarks adopted on 9 August. For those passages, as well as Amsterdam’s other comments on JA’s draft, see notes 13, 17–18, 24, 29, 33, 38, 41, 45, 47–48, 51, and 53. Note that the handwritten passages are underlined and have been placed in the right-hand column regardless of where they appeared on the page.

1.

The remainder of the title was set in italics so that, unlike in the remainder of the draft, passages intended to be changed were in roman type and the proposed changes were in italics.

2.

JA appropriated the title from the Lee-Neufville Treaty (Adams Papers; printed: Wharton, Dipl. Corr. Amer. Rev. , 2:789–798), but where the formula to describe the Netherlands was “the seven United Provinces of the Netherlands.” According to his response to the Dutch proposals for changes, JA changed it to “the Seven United Provinces of the Low Countries” (No. III, below). That was in accord with Congress’ Treaty Plan of 1780 (vol. 10:451), which referred to “the United Provinces of the low Countries.” JA used the revised formula throughout the draft and, as they do here, the Dutch demanded that it be changed to “the United Netherlands” wherever it appeared.

3.

When the Dutch considered JA’s draft they clearly compared it to the 1778 Franco-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce. Their objections here and elsewhere to JA’s references to the United States and to the individual states were because the forms used here were different from those used in the treaty with France (Miller, Treaties , 2:3), but Congress’ Treaty Plan of 1780 also referred to the United States of North America (vol. 10:451–457). See JA’s response to the Dutch objections in No. III, below.

4.

This should have continued “and Providence Plantation,” an error that neither JA nor the Dutch caught until the last moment, for which see the first paragraph of the draft’s preamble and No. VIII, below.

5.

The word “Burgeren” (citizens) appears throughout the draft and was inserted by JA, but it was objected to in every case by the Dutch, who preferred “Ingezeetenen” (inhabitants), the form that appears in the final treaty. The Lee-Neufville Treaty and the treaty plan use the word “people.”

6.

With minor variations, the draft’s preamble is identical to that in the Lee-Neufville Treaty. The preamble in the treaty plan, however, is also similar and probably was based on the form in the Lee-Neufville Treaty. See also the Franco-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce (Miller, Treaties , 2:3–4).

7.

From this point the italicized passage was replaced in the final treaty, but the new text was considerably different from that proposed here. In fact, this and the following two paragraphs, the first of which was largely retained in the final treaty (No. VIII, below), dealing with the plenipotentiaries authorized to sign the treaty, are JA’s work, for neither the Lee-Neufville Treaty nor Congress’ treaty plan have a comparable section. JA may have used the corresponding sections in the Franco-American treaties of 1778 as a model, although their text is not identical to that in the draft.

8.

JA presumably referred to “Massachusetts Bay” because it was the state’s official name when he was a delegate to the Congress and chief justice. But see his objections to the Dutch proposals to change “Massachusetts” to “Massachusetts Bay” in the title and preamble of the draft in No. III, below.

9.

This article corresponds to Art. 1 of both Congress’ treaty plan (vol. 10:451) and the final treaty (No. VIII, below).

10.

The Dutch are making two changes here. The first corrects what was likely an inadvertence by the translator, for “geslagten” would usually be defined as “genders” or328 “families.” The second brings the draft into accord with the official French text of Art. 1 in the 1778 Franco-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce, which reads at this point “et de lieux,” which should be translated as “and places.” The unofficial English text, however, translated this phrase as “or places,” and that usage was repeated in Art. 1 of Congress’ treaty plan (Miller, Treaties , 2:5; vol. 10:451).

11.

For Art. 25 of the Dutch-Portuguese truce of 1641 and Art. 10 of the Franco-Dutch Treaty of Navigation and Commerce signed at Utrecht on 11 April 1713, from which the proposed Art. 2 was derived, JA likely consulted Jean Dumont’s compilation, Corps universel diplomatique du droit des gens; contenant un recueil des traitez d’alliance, de paix, de trève, de neutralité, de commerce, d’échange (Amsterdam, 1726–1739; 14 vols. in 15, folio, 6:217; 8:378). JA purchased Dumont’s work in 1780, and it is in his library at MB (JA, D&A , 2:438; Catalogue of JA’s Library ). JA rejected the article, which does not appear in the final treaty, because it failed to confer any rights not already contained in Arts. 2 and 3 of the draft (No. III, below). The Dutch proposal was not included in the final treaty.

12.

This article corresponds to Art. 2 of both Congress’ treaty plan (vol. 10:451) and the final treaty (No. VIII, below).

13.

The deletion of “van Europa” or “of Europe,” here and later is owing to Amsterdam’s 9 Aug. recommendation that it was unnecessary to add the qualifier to identify the most favored nations.

14.

The italicized article number and the continuation of the numbering of the proposed changes indicate that the Dutch intended for Arts. 2 and 3 to be combined, but they remained separate in the final treaty (No. VIII, below). Congress’ treaty plan includes an Art. 3, but provides no separate text, noting that it was “the converse of article second” (vol. 10:451).

15.

This probably refers to the 1778 Franco-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce and pertains to the insertion of “aldaar,” meaning “there” or “at that place.” But no equivalent phrasing appears there. JA agreed to the insertion, and it appears in the Dutch text of the final treaty, but no change was made in the English text.

16.

This addition to the end of Art. 3 was included in the final treaty (No. VIII, below), but see JA’s comments regarding it in his response to the Dutch proposals and in his 8 Oct. letter to Robert R. Livingston (Nos. III and XI, below).

17.

This article corresponds to Art. 4 of both the treaty plan (vol. 10:451–452) and the final treaty (No. VIII, below). But the deletion of the objection to the article and the proposed addition at the end, including the reference to the thirteen colonies, were owing to Amsterdam’s 9 Aug. recommendations. The decision to accept the article as revised mooted JA’s expression of support for the article in his first response, but the references to the high United States and the thirteen colonies produced a vigorous protest in his second (No. III, below). The question of how the proposed addition would read was not settled until 29 Aug., when the Grand Pensionary, Pieter van Bleiswyck, offered language that JA found acceptable (No. VI, below).

18.

The remainder of Amsterdam’s proposal was retained in Art. 4 of the final treaty (No. VIII, below).

19.

This article corresponds to Art. 5 of both the treaty plan (vol. 10:452) and the final treaty (No. VIII, below), but see note 20.

20.

This article does not appear separately in either the treaty plan or the final treaty. The treaty plan at this point reads “ Ar. VI A reciprocal Stipulation” (vol. 10:452). Congress may have expected, as the Dutch suggested, that both parts be included in a single article, which was done in Art. 5 of the final treaty (No. VIII, below).

21.

As drafted, this article corresponds to Art. 6 in the treaty plan (vol. 10:452–453), but in Art. 6 of the final treaty, the draft text was replaced, as suggested by the Dutch, with that of Art. 39 of the commercial treaty between the Netherlands and the Two Sicilies signed at The Hague on 27 Aug. 1753 (The Consolidated Treaty Series, ed. Clive Parry, 231 vols., Dobbs Ferry, N.Y., 1969–1981, 40:133–134; No. VIII, below).

22.

This article corresponds to Art. 7 of the treaty plan (vol. 10:453) and of the final treaty (No. VIII, below). In its final form the passage marked for deletion was removed.

23.

This article corresponds to Art. 8 of the treaty plan (vol. 10:453) and of the final treaty (No. VIII, below).

24.

As drafted, this article corresponds to Art. 9 of the treaty plan (vol. 10:453–454), but as JA’s replies to the Dutch proposals for changes indicate (No. III, below), it occasioned considerable controversy. The issue329 was not resolved until 29 Aug. when a new, much shorter article, Art. 9 in the final treaty, was proposed and accepted (Nos. VII and VIII, below). This was in line with Amsterdam’s comments of 9 Aug., the crux of which was that the original article and the proposed changes brought unwonted complexity to a relatively simple issue.

25.

This article corresponds to Art. 10 of the treaty plan (vol. 10:454) and of the final treaty, where it incorporated the Dutch proposals with one addition, likely a clarification to the third suggestion, for which see No. VIII, and note 11, below.

26.

This article corresponds to Art. 11 of the treaty plan (vol. 10:454) and of the final treaty (No. VIII, below).

27.

The proposed addition to Art. 12 is an accurate rendition of Art. 26 of the Franco-Dutch Treaty of Navigation and Commerce signed at Utrecht on 11 April 1713. It was incorporated virtually unchanged into Art. 11 of the final treaty (Dumont, comp., Corps universel, 8:380; No. VIII, below).

28.

This article corresponds to Art. 12 of the Treaty Plan (vol. 10:454–455) and of the final treaty (No. VIII, below).

29.

This reflects Amsterdam’s 9 Aug. suggestion of five or six months as an alternative.

30.

This article corresponds to Art. 13 of the treaty plan (vol. 10:455) and of the final treaty (No. VIII, below).

31.

This article, as drafted by the Dutch, was incorporated almost verbatim as Art. 14 of the final treaty (No. VIII, below).

32.

This article corresponds to Art. 14 of the treaty plan (vol. 10:455) and Art. 15 of the final treaty (No. VIII, below).

33.

Both the deletion of the proposal to refer to the Franco-Dutch convention on recaptures of 1 May 1781 and its replacement with the suggestion that the text of the convention be inserted verbatim reflect Amsterdam’s 9 Aug. recommendation. JA responded (No. III, below) that he did not oppose dealing with recaptured vessels but lacked any power or instructions to settle the issue in the treaty. He proposed as an alternative that it be included in a separate convention. The resulting convention (No. IX, below) is a virtually verbatim rendering of the Franco-Dutch convention but with references to France removed. JA had sent Congress an English translation of the convention in his letter of 25 May 1781 (calendared, vol. 11:336).

34.

This article corresponds to Art. 15 of the treaty plan (vol. 10:455) and Art. 16 of the final treaty (No. VIII, below). The proposed addition to the article is an accurate rendition of Art. 35 of the Franco-Dutch Treaty of Navigation and Commerce signed at Utrecht on 11 April 1713 and was incorporated virtually unchanged into the article in the final treaty (Dumont, comp., Corps universel, 8:380–381; No. VIII, below).

35.

This article corresponds to Art. 16 of the treaty plan (vol. 10:456) and Art. 17 of the final treaty (No. VIII, below).

36.

This article corresponds to Art. 17 of the treaty plan (vol. 10:456) and Art. 18 of the final treaty (No. VIII, below). The proposed addition to the article is an accurate rendition of Art. 41 of the Franco-Dutch Treaty of Navigation and Commerce signed at Utrecht on 11 April 1713 and was incorporated virtually unchanged into the article as it appears in the final treaty (Dumont, comp., Corps universel, 8:381).

37.

This article corresponds to Art. 18 of the treaty plan (vol. 10:456) and Art. 19 of the final treaty (No. VIII, below).

38.

For JA’s rejection of this proposal, which was one of Amsterdam’s 9 Aug. recommendations, see his response of 27 Aug. (No. III, and note 5, below).

39.

This article corresponds to Art. 19 of the treaty plan (vol. 10:456–457) and Art. 20 of the final treaty (No. VIII, below). The proposed addition to the article was included in the final treaty, but the reference to Art. 9 was removed.

40.

This article corresponds to Art. 20 of the treaty plan (vol. 10:457) and Art. 21 of the final treaty (No. VIII, below).

41.

The most contentious issue during the negotiations, or at least the one that provoked the most discussion, involved Dutch objections to Arts. 22 and 23 and their deletion or replacement with a new article. For a detailed explanation from the Dutch perspective of the issues involved, see Adriaan van Zeebergh’s 25 July commentary on the two articles (above). The deletion of the proposal to remove the two articles entirely and the proposed replacement stem from Amsterdam’s 9 Aug. recommendations, and the substitute article is an accurate rendering of Amsterdam’s proposal. But see also JA’s comments in his responses (No. III, below), another suggested replacement that was not used (No. IV, below), and Art. 22 in the final treaty (No. VIII, below).

330

The Dutch objections to the two articles and their initial request that they be removed altogether have substance. This is because neither JA’s draft nor the changes suggested by the Dutch contained anything that would have put the Dutch-American Treaty in any obvious conflict with the 1778 Franco-American treaties of amity and commerce or alliance. And if a conflict did develop, the law of nations required that the earlier treaty take precedence over the later one. Article 22 is identical to Art. 21 of Congress’ Treaty Plan of 1780 except that where Congress referred to “a treaty,” JA identified the two treaties specifically (vol. 10:457). But Art. 23 was wholly JA’s work, for it does not appear in the treaty plan, and in drafting it, he went beyond the terms of Congress’ treaty plan and his instructions. Neither mentioned Spain or its right to accede to the treaty of alliance under the terms of Art. 10 of that treaty or, more specifically, to both treaties according to the “Acte Séparé et Secret” that had also been signed on 6 Feb. 1778 (Miller, Treaties , 2:39, 45–47). In fact, Art. 23 was likely the product of JA’s 16 Aug. 1781 commission and instructions, which he had not disclosed to the Dutch, to conclude a tripartite alliance between the United States, France, and the Netherlands or a quadruple alliance should Spain wish to join under the terms of the Franco-American Treaty (vol. 11:453–456). Indeed, unless the Dutch were aware of the secret provision, Art. 23 must have seemed a very odd article to include in a treaty with the Netherlands because the Franco-American commercial treaty made no mention of any Spanish right of accession.

42.

The articles are numbered according to their order in the ratified treaty, following the deletion of the original Arts. 11 and 12. For the clarification of which articles were being referred to, see Art. 22 of the final version of the treaty (No. VIII, below).

43.

This article corresponds to Art. 10 of the Lee-Neufville Treaty (Wharton, Dipl. Corr. Amer. Rev. , 2:791) and Art. 23 of the final treaty (No. VIII, below). For the revised article as it appeared in the final treaty, see No. V, below.

44.

As drafted, this article corresponds to Art. 29 of the Lee-Neufville Treaty (Wharton, Dipl. Corr. Amer. Rev. , 2:796–797) and appears, much altered, as Art. 24 of the final treaty (No. VIII, below). The changes that JA accepted to the article enumerating contraband represent a significant departure from his instructions from Congress for negotiating a Dutch-American treaty and also from the Lee-Neufville Treaty and the 1778 Franco-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce (vol. 10:448; Miller, Treaties , 2:21–23). Instead of a long catalog of items that were not to be considered contraband, the Dutch proposed that any merchandise not specifically designated as contraband be considered free. This was in line with Russia’s 19 May 1780 ordinance concerning commerce and navigation that formed the basis for the Armed Neutrality of which the Netherlands was a member. It should also be noted that the proposal was less detailed, and thus less restrictive, than the provisions of the 26 Jan. 1781 Dutch ordinance concerning commerce and navigation (Scott, Armed Neutralities of 1780 and 1800 , p. 291, 359).

45.

This insertion is an accurate rendering of Amsterdam’s 9 Aug. proposal and was incorporated into the article as it appears in the final treaty.

46.

This article corresponds to Art. 30 of the Lee-Neufville Treaty (Wharton, Dipl. Corr. Amer. Rev. , 2:797) and Art. 25 of the final treaty (No. VIII, below). The article as it finally appeared was much longer because of the inclusion of the Dutch proposals, but see notes 47 and 48.

47.

This change is derived from Amsterdam’s 9 Aug. proposals and appears in the final treaty.

48.

This statement reflects the sense of Amsterdam’s 9 Aug. recommendation regarding Art. 26.

49.

This article corresponds to Art. 31 of the Lee-Neufville Treaty (Wharton, Dipl. Corr. Amer. Rev. , 2:797) and, as the Dutch proposed, was omitted from the final treaty.

50.

This article corresponds to Art. 32 of the Lee-Neufville Treaty (same, 2:797–798) and Art. 26 of the final treaty (No. VIII, below).

51.

JA’s source for this article is unknown. The removal of the objection was owing to Amsterdam’s 9 Aug. recommendations and resulted in its inclusion in the final treaty as Art. 27. There it incorporated the proposed addition, which is, with minor changes, an accurate rendering of Amsterdam’s 9 Aug. recommendation (No. VIII, below).

52.

At this point in the final treaty the word “niet” (not) was inserted (No. VIII, below).

53.

JA apparently intended that the text of Art. 30 would be determined during the331 negotiations and did not draft a formal article, but see No. III, and note 6, below. The removal of the objection to the article stemmed from Amsterdam’s 9 Aug. proposals, and the proposed text, which follows Amsterdam’s suggestion, appears Art. 28 in the final treaty (No. VIII, below).

54.

The forms for the passport and certificate, with some minor changes, are taken from the Lee-Neufville Treaty (Adams Papers). The italics seem to indicate that the Dutch wished them deleted and replaced by the form for a sea letter, but in the final version of the treaty the passport and certificate were retained and the sea letter was added (No. VIII, below).