Papers of John Adams, volume 18

To John Adams from Mercy Otis Warren, 7 January 1787 Warren, Mercy Otis Adams, John

From Mercy Otis Warren

Sir Milton Jan 7th 1787

The most of my leasure hours since I have resided on the Hill at Milton have been devoted to my pen. Yet I have never adventured to lay any of the productions before the public Eye. But I have such full confidence in your judgment & Friendship that I now submit to you Either to dispose of to the best advantage or to return by some safe hand a Dramatic Work Composed about two years since, & locked up privately in my Cabinet.

I am sensible the writing an unexceptionable Tragidy requires Judgment Genius & leasure. Therfore have felt a Great degree of diffidence in the attempt, & non Myself a very improper judge of the merits of the Execution. But two or three judicious Friends to whom I have shown it have pronouncd so Favorably as to induce me to offer it to your inspection who I know will make the most Candid & Generous use therof.1

I am told that works of this nature when they happen to Strike will yeald a Considerable profit by the sales— I had no Veiws of this kind when it was written, & it is now far from being a primary Object. it was wrote at the request of a young Gentleman, a Friend of yours while separated from his Connexions & Country.

But as I am informed it is Customary for Men even of Fortune & ability in the Country where You reside not to Give away their time—it may not be thought Censuarable for your american Correspondent to make the best use of hers both for herself & her Family. Thefore if of any Value, you will dispose of this little Work to the 533 most advantage of your Friends. if it is of none you will never Expose the Temerity that attempted it.

To no other Person would I entrust the secret.— of no other Gentleman whose time is Chiefly devoted to the most important National affairs would I ask such a Favour. But knowing Your unshaken Friendship I am sure it is perfectly safe. And that you will not regret the proper attention it may require.

You will see the Dedication is to yourself, which you will Correct or Curtail as you shall Judge most for the Honour of the Patron and the patronized.

Esteem & respect might have prompted me to say many more things which are justly due to the Character of my Honourable Friend. but anything that might bear the smallest imputation of Flattery would be Equally painful to him & to myself. And as I am ambitious to avoid both the principles & the stile of the Vulgar Dedication I have suppressed them.

I have another work of the same kind (ready for the Press—) founded on the story of Padilla but dare not Venture it abroad till I know the success of this.2

And shall I go on to tell you sir that Certain annals recorded as Events took place have lately been thown into a Concise History of the American Revolution by the same Hand. It is finished no further than the action on sullivans Island, but if you recommend to the writer a further prosecution of her plan, you will transmit any important circumstances that she may not be perfectly acquainted with, and doubtless some particulars of your Foreign Negotiations would adorn the page of History as much as any thing the Revolution has offered. I am Conscious you will say this is a bold undertaking for your Friend, and the justice of the Observation has retarded my Pen, or I should have made a further progress before this. But if it answers no other purpose, as it has been an amusement to myself, it may in future Entertain a few select Friends & be useful to my Children.3

But perhaps an Exact portrait of the present situation of your Country might be as interesting to the feelings & at the same time hold up the imbecillity of human nature in as strong a light as any thing in The History of Mankind, at a more distant period.4

Emancipated from a Foreign Yoke, The Blessings of peace restored on the most Honorable terms, with the liberty of Framing our own laws Choosing our own Magistrates, & adopting Manners the most Favorable to Freedom & Happiness. I am sorry to say there 534 is too much reason to fear we have not Virtue sufficient to avail ourselves of Those superior advantages.5

The Glorious Fabrick which you And your compeers, with so much labour & assiduity succesfully Reared may totter to the foundation before the Civil Feuds are Hushed that have justly allamed the Continent, & the Massachusets in Particuler.— lately armed for an oppotition to Regal Despotism, there seems to be a boldness of spirit on the one side that sets at Defiance all authority Government or order. And on the other not a secret Wish only but an open avowal of the Necessity of drawing the Reins of power much too taught for Republicanism. if not for a Wise & limited Monarchy.—

The Causes of the late Commotions may be Easily investigated but the Consequences must be left to the hand of time. Where abouts the Political ship will land is not Easy to say though I think the Rioters in the Western Counties will soon be quelled.

But some think the Cincinnatee who are waiting a Favorable Tide to waft them on to the strong Fortress of Nobility are manifestly Elated by the present prospects. others are flattering themselves that an Aristocratic power is fast Forming, While many of the younger Class particularly the students at Law and the youth of Fortune & pleasure, are Crying out for Monarchy & a standing army to support it— yet perhaps a termination more Favorable to the system of the Genuine Patriot than has been apprehended, may still take place. in that hope I leave the Field of politics. But the Opinion of a Gentleman who has the Interest of his Country so much at Heart as to make it almost the Ultimatum of his Wishes would Gratify us all.—

Why is my Worthey Friend Mrs Adams so sparing of her Epistolary Favours—6 Yet I would write her again But when she sees the Monsterus paket directed to you she will be Glad their is no further intrussion on your time—

I long to see her— Yet sometimes almost dispair of a Repetition of those agreable intervews of Friendship we have mutually Enjoyed, till we reach a stage of higher perfection— How would her Company have Consoled in Many a trying hour Through the Various scenes I have Experienced since she left the American Shores—

I have not lately seen Your sons. I sent for them to keep Christmas with me but the Rigours of a severe North american Winter interrupts the hours of sociallity we all love.7

With my best Regards to your Lady I subscribe with Every sentiment of Friendship / Hers & Your Excellencys, / Most Obedient &c

M Warren— 535

RC (Adams Papers); internal address: “To the Honble J Adams Esqr”; endorsed: “Mrs Warren / Jan. 7. 1787.” Tr (MHi:Mercy Warren Letterbook). Dated “December 1786,” the Tr varies significantly from the RC, for which see note 4. For a description of the nature and content of the “Mercy Warren Letterbook,” which is not in Mercy Warren’s hand and was done years later from copies not now extant, see AFC , 1:93–94; and for the Tr as printed, see MHS, Procs. , 64:159–162 [1930–1932].

Mercy Warren enclosed her 1784 play The Sack of Rome, later published in Poems, Dramatic and Miscellaneous, Boston, 1790, Evans, No. 23035. Warren dedicated her work to President George Washington rather than to JA. Dramatizing the threatened conquest and plunder of Rome by the Huns and Vandals in 453, Warren focused on the dilemmas faced by republican heroines torn between love and duty. Fulfilling her request, JA showed the play to the prominent British playwrights Richard Cumberland and Arthur Murphy, who gave it favorable reviews. In his 25 Dec. 1787 reply, JA thanked Warren for dedicating the play to him but cautioned her that “nothing American sells here” (Jeffrey H. Richards, Mercy Otis Warren, N.Y., 1995, p. 108, 114–120; Warren-Adams Letters , 2:300–301).

Warren’s 1784 play The Ladies of Castile was also published in Poems, Dramatic and Miscellaneous. For inspiration, she used the life story of Comunero insurrectionist Don Juan de Padilla (1484–1521), who challenged the Holy Roman emperor Charles V’s practice of giving political appointments to foreigners. After Padilla was beheaded, his wife, Doña Maria Pacheco de Padilla (d. 1531), continued the resistance, holding the city of Toledo, Spain, for several months before she fled to Portugal. In her play, Warren emphasized feminine sacrifice as the means of preserving national virtue (Nancy Rubin Stuart, The Muse of the Revolution: The Secret Pen of Mercy Otis Warren and the Founding of a Nation, Boston, 2008, p. 168–169; Henry Kamen, Spain, 1469–1714: A Society of Conflict, Abingdon, Eng., 2014, p. 74–75).

Warren was preparing her History of the Rise, Progress and Termination of the American Revolution, Interspersed with Biographical, Political and Moral Observations, 3 vols., Boston, 1805, Shaw-Shoemaker, No. 9687. Her account of the 28 June 1776 Battle of Sullivan’s Island appears in the work, 1:295. For JA’s reaction to the History, see JA, D&A , 1:lxx–lxxi.

This and the following four paragraphs commenting on Shays’ Rebellion, to the words “Crying out for Monarchy & a standing army to support it,” appear, with numerous changes in wording, in the Tr. The Tr, however, contains no mention of Mercy’s literary efforts but does refer to JA, presumably in contrast to her husband James Warren, as “a minister of state immersed in the deep systems of political refinement—negotiating with nations improved by arts, erudition, and experience:—standing on the zenith of reputation, amidst the splendor of greatness, the glare of pomp, and mounted to the pinnacle of ambition!”

This paragraph was included, virtually verbatim, in Mercy Warren’s History, 3:335.

AA’s last letter to Mercy Warren was of 24 May 1786, and she did not write again until 14 May 1787 ( AFC , 7:194–195, 8:45–49).

The Adams sons apparently declined the invitation. Because of a severe snowstorm and a firewood shortage, JQA spent the holiday studying at Harvard, while CA and TBA visited family in Haverhill and Braintree ( AFC , 7:421, 422, 438, 461, 485).

From John Adams to John Jay, 9 January 1787 Adams, John Jay, John

To John Jay

Dear Sir Grosvenor Square January 9. 1787

I am unable to give you any Account, of the Reasons, which have prevented the Treaty with Morocco from reaching London.1 But it has not yet made its Appearance.2 The Tripoline Ambassador, Sent me a polite Message and desired a Conference. it was agreed to, and his Excellency was pleased to inform me, that he had received 536 repeated Letters to return home, and Should depart in a few Weeks. desired to be informed, whether any further Instructions had been received from Congress, relative to a Treaty with Tripoli, and being answered in the Negative, he Said the Decree was written in Heaven, and if a Peace was preordained between my Country and his, it would take Place.— He Should be happy, when he arrived in his own Country, to be Instrumental in so good a Work.3

The Chevalier De Pinto, with a great deal of real Anxiety has last Week, renewed his Apologies.— He has written to Mr De Melo that it is indecent, that he is ashamed to think how the Business has been delayed.— This worthy Minister Sent one of his own favourite Domesticks, who has called at the Ministers office every day: but has been detained, from the Month of May.— The Minister has been Sick. that is the Excuse.— In Short I Suppose there are Parties, and this late Negotiation between France & England, have Occasioned Divisions of Sentiment and the late Decease of the King of Portugal, and the Queens Retirement in the Country and the Ministers Sickness have prevented any determination of any Questions of Importance.

According to the Usages of the Diplomatick order I ought, before now to have mentioned, the Death of her Royal Highness the Princess Amelia, Aunt of his present Majesty the King of Great Britain, on the Evening of the last day of October last.4

on Thursday the Fourth day of this Month, I had the Honour of a private Audience of his Royal Highness the Duke of Cumberland, having been previously notified by the Master of the Ceremonies, and presented by him. all the foreign Ministers who had not been before presented to his Royal Highness were presented on that day.— The Same Ceremonies are used, as with the King.

inclosed is Copy of a Letter from the Marquis of Carmarthen dated the 11. of Decr. last.— His Lordship is mistaken or misinformed, in Supposing that the American Ministers admitted the Justness of the Claim. That was wholly out of their Power. all they could do, was to transmit it to Congress, as I now transmit his Lordships Letter, without any Concession, or Denyal of the Justice of it.— in my Answer to his Lordship I Shall Sett him right in this particular.5

Inclosed likewise is a Letter of 5. Jany. from Messrs Willinks and Van staphorsts, relative to the Hotel of the United States. There is Such a corrosive Dampness in the Air of that Country that without 537 the continual Attention of an Inhabitant a Building falls to decay very fast.— I really think the best Thing that can be done is to order the House to be sold by Messrs Willinks & Vanstaphorsts as soon as possible. This is the best Advice to be given.— if it is not Sold, there will be constant Expences for Taxes and Repairs, without Saving the Building from Ruin.— As it is I dont believe any American Minister would now live in it. This subject deserves the immediate Attention of Congress.6

It is with great Pleasure, that I am able to inform Congress that the Credit of the United States in Holland has not suffered any material Shock, in Consequence of the Relations of Tumults and Seditions in the Massachusetts & New Hampshire.—

With great Regard I have the Honour / to be, dear sir, your most obedient / and humble servant

John Adams

RC and enclosures (PCC, No. 84, VI, f. 363–390); internal address: “His Excellency John Jay. / Secretary of state &c &c &c.” LbC (Adams Papers); APM Reel 112.

JA’s response to Jay here regarding the Moroccan treaty and later in the letter concerning the Portuguese treaty do not stem from any comments made by Jay in his letters to JA. Rather JA is responding to Jay’s queries in his 27 Oct. 1786 letter to Thomas Jefferson (Jefferson, Papers , 10:488–490). Jay enclosed that letter, leaving it open for JA to read, with his first letter to JA of 1 Nov., and JA then forwarded the 27 Oct. letter with his to Jefferson of 30 Nov., both above. That it took JA over a month to answer Jay’s questions was likely due to the fact that he was then finishing the first volume of the Defence of the Const. and readying it for publication.

For the arrival in London of the Moroccan-American treaty carried by Lt. Col. David S. Franks, see JA’s 25 Jan. 1787 letter to Jefferson, and note 1, below.

For JA’s previous conversations with Sidi Haji Abdrahaman, Tripoli’s ambassador, concerning a treaty, see his letters of 16 and 17 Feb. 1786 to Jay and Jefferson, respectively, both above. No such treaty was concluded, however, until 4 Nov. 1796 when it was signed by the pasha of Tripoli and then made official on 3 Jan. 1797 with the signatures of the dey of Algiers and the American negotiator Joel Barlow (Miller, Treaties , 2:349–385).

With this letter JA enclosed the Marquis of Carmarthen’s 1 Nov. 1786 letter in which he acquainted JA “with the melancholy News of the Death of Her Royal Highness the Princess Amelia, His Majesty’s Aunt, Yesterday Evening, between five and six o’Clock” (PCC, No. 84, VI, f. 367–370). For AA’s comments on the princess’ death and the reaction to it at court and in the London press, see her 21 Nov. letter to Elizabeth Smith Shaw ( AFC , 7:393).

Of 24 Jan. 1787, below.

For the enclosures concerning the legation at The Hague, see the consortium’s 5 Jan. letter, and note 2, above. Congress received JA’s letter on 11 April, but rather than act on JA’s recommendation that the building be sold, it acted in response to C. W. F. Dumas’ 17 Nov. 1786 letter in which he recommended that the legation be either repaired and inhabited or sold but noted that he was not authorized by Congress to occupy it. Reporting on Dumas’ letter, Jay indicated that the legation’s potential sale was “unseasonable at present, for it would look as if the United States intended either to have no resident minister there in future, or as if the present troubles of the Republic, or the present state of their own finances had in some degree influenced the measure.” Congress therefore resolved on 24 July 1787 that Dumas live at the legation until a new minister was appointed, and that JA undertake the repairs at the expense of the United States. Jay enclosed the resolution in his letter of 31 July 538 (Adams Papers), but unfortunately before repairs were complete, Dumas was forced by the political reaction against the Patriot Party to seek refuge in the French embassy ( JCC , 32:174, 307, 332; 33:404–405; Nationaal Archief:Dumas Papers, Microfilm, Reel 2, f. 849–850; Schulte Nordholt, Dutch Republic and Amer. Independence , p. 293–294).