Papers of John Adams, volume 14
Permit us the Comm̃ee of the Second Congregational Church in Newport to call your attention for a few moments from the weighty affairs of politics, in which you are so honorably and so usefully engaged to a matter which respects a religious society to whose constitution we consider you as a Friend.
The early and active part which our congregation took in the opposition to the arbitrary and oppressive measures of Great-Britain you may be acquainted with; but you may not be acquainted with our consequential sufferings.— Our spirited conduct made us the object of ministerial and parliamentary vengeance.— Sensible of the danger to which we were exposed, and finding that the British intended to take possession of Rhode-Island, to avoid their implacable fury, and that we might be able to continue our exertions, both the minister and a great part of this Society quitted the island.— The British took possession of it in Decr. 1776. and held it until October 1779. during which time our meeting house and ministry house were converted into barracks and hospitals; and afterwards when the French army made a garrison of the town of Newport those 499buildings were occupied in the same manner, and of course were left in a state of ruin; besides this many of our houses were demolished or greatly damaged by the British army.—1
At our return, finding the town impoverished, nearly a third of its buildings destroyed, its commerce annihilated, and ourselves unable to sustain the expence of repairing our religious houses and resettling the congregation we cast our eyes on our Sister States; but many of their towns and places of public worship having sufferd like injuries no relief could be drawn from them.— In this deplorable situation we have been compelled to look to our foreign protestant brethren for assistance, and among them have thought it would not be improper to address the Reformed Churches in France.—
Conscious of your attachment to religious liberty, in which our Society is founded, and of your disposition and capacity to support that glorious cause, as well as the civil liberties of mankind we have ventured to inclose that address to your patronage and care; and we request that you will be pleased to place it in the hands of such of the principal pastors of the Reformed as you shall think will be best disposed to circulate subscriptions and otherwise make collections for the purpose of repairing our ministry and meeting house and towards a ministerial fund.—2 We would also request that you appoint a proper person to receive the donations which may be made and to transmit them to William Channing and Robert Stevens Esqrs. in Newport and assign to him thereout such commission as you shall judge reasonable.
We should have made our address to the good people in France at large; but we were not sure that such an address would be well received by them or by government.— But as our houses devoted to religion were used in the manner that hath been mentioned by the French as well as British troops; and considering the kind reception the former met with in Newport perhaps Generals Rochambeau, Chateleux, Count Noailles and other French officers might countenance our address.— The Marquis De la Fayette who well deserved and hath obtained all the honors the United States could confer upon him, who hath done service on Rhode-Island and whose generous spirit and principles forever prompt him to benevolent actions, we dont doubt would contribute to our relief.— We have ventured this hint as we have our address and leave it intirely with you to do as you judge proper.— We would only add here that the General Assembly of this State at a late Session repealed an old law which excluded Roman Catholics from the privileges of citizenship.—3
500Hoping to derive some assistance from our Brethren in Holland we have drawn an application to the Ministers and Churches of the Reformed in Holland, which, as we are not acquainted with the proper mode of address, we have taken the liberty to send open to you, and would be much obliged to you if you would cover it, address it, and transmit it.—
We would attempt an apology for thus intruding and interrupting a train of thinking employed upon more extensive subjects; but we are sure we shall find a powerful apologist in your generous breast.—
We most sincerely congratulate you on your successful negotiations in the United Provinces of the Netherlands, and on the share you have had in procuring preliminaries of peace so agreeable and so advantageous to the United States of America; and heartily wishing you may enjoy a long, uninterrupted series of health and prosperity, We are with the highest sentiments of respect / Yr Excellency's most obedient and / most h̃ble Servts
tStevens
RC and enclosure (Adams Papers); addressed: “His Excelly / John Adams Esq / Paris”; endorsed: “Letter / Ellery Marchant & als, / May 26. 1783.”
On 27 Aug. 1765, members of the congregation of Newport's Second Congregational Church ignored the advice of pastor Ezra Stiles and hung effigies of local tax officials, thereby inciting a riot and the ransacking of the officials’ homes. The reputation of the congregants as strong advocates of independence may have prompted British troops who occupied Newport a decade later to use the church as living quarters, constructing a chimney in the sanctuary and demolishing the pews. The building remained in disrepair after the British evacuated and Newport became the base of the French fleet. By 1783 Stiles had assumed the presidency of Yale College and was an absentee pastor based in New Haven. On the date of this letter, he was visiting Newport and attended a church meeting at which it was voted to spend $150 to replace the pews. In addition to the plea to foreign churches, a lottery was held locally to raise $1,250 for the repair of the church. The local fundraising effort was successful, as Stiles visited again on 7 May 1785 and wrote: “Preparing a Sermon for the Reconsecration of my Meetg-house at Newport, completely repaired—my Flock requestg me to preach the first time. The Eny in the war demolished the Pews &c.” The building stands today as condominiums (Edmund S. Morgan, The Gentle Puritan: A Life of Ezra Stiles, 1727–1795, New Haven, Conn., 1962, p. 226–231, 437; John B. Hattendorf, Newport, the French Navy, and American Independence, Newport, R.I., 2004, p. 60–61; Stiles, Literary Diary
, 3:72, 161;
Princetonians
, 2:14; Florence Archambault, “Forward through the Ages, in Unbroken Line”: 300 Years of Congregationalism on Aquidneck Island, 1695–1995, Middletown, R.I., 1995, p. 2–4).
The enclosed appeal is addressed to the “Brethren of the Reformed Churches in France” and pledges that any funds collected would be used for the repair of the “almost intirely ruined” Newport meetinghouse. The three-page plea is signed by the four men who signed the letter to JA and includes a postscript endorsement by Stiles. The petition to Dutch churches has not been found. JA replied on 12 Nov. to say that his participation was impossible because any efforts he made on behalf of the church would conflict with his diplomatic duties (MHi:Channing Papers).
The Rhode Island General Assembly voted in Feb. to repeal a statute dating from 1719 that denied citizenship to Roman Catholics (Patrick T. Conley and Matthew J. Smith, Catholicism in Rhode Island: The Formative Era, Providence, 1976, p. 7–9, 13).
William Ellery, father-in-law of Francis Dana and a signer of the Declaration of Independence, was well known to JA and had corresponded with him in 1778. Henry Marchant, also a member of Congress, corresponded with JA in 1779. William Channing was a lawyer and Rhode Island attorney general, while Robert Stevens was characterized by Stiles as an “intimate Friend” of Maj. Gen. Nathanael Greene (vol. 4:416–417; 5:261–262, 392–393, 401; 8:136–137, 187, 227–228;
AFC
, 5:350; DAB; Princetonians, 2:13–16; Stiles, Literary Diary
, 2:53).
Mr. Adams's Books & Papers being at the Hague, it is impossible for him to give Mr. Grand a List of the Bills drawn on Mr. Laurens and him, which have been accepted by him, before he shall return to the Hague.2
Mr. Adams gave to Messs. Fizeau Grand & Co. at Amsterdam compleat Lists of all the Bills he accepted & transmitted to Dr. Franklin also in the time of it Copies of those Lists.
What remains to be paid Mr. Adams knows not. He never knew to what Amount Bills were drawn— He has accepted none since he left the Hague, and very few, scarcely any for many Months before.
Mr. Adams returns his respectful Complts. to Mr. Grand.
It will be sufficient for Mr Grand to transmit to Mr. Morris, Copies of the Accounts of the House of Fizeau Grand & Co.—
LbC in John Thaxter's hand (Adams Papers); APM Reel 108.
Given the multiple use of “Mr. Adams” in the text, this may be an example of a letter written by John Thaxter on JA's behalf.
See Robert Morris’ letter of 12 May, and note 1, above.
I had the Honour of Writing your Excy: under the 26 ulto. Giving a Short Explaination of the Commerce of this place and its connections with the Northeren States. I also took the Liberty of Requesting a few lines of Introduction to Some of the Merchants your friends in Boston Marble Head Salem, &c, by which Means we May facillitate and Augment Very Much The fish Tread in that Quarter
Being Since Deprived the Honour of your Esteemd favours the Merit of this is to Inclose copy of a letter I Received last Week from 502Eliaho Levi Secretary of the Emperor of Moroco in Answer to one I wrote him the 4 of Jany Last (of which you have Also Copy) and which was Delivered, by his majesty's Ambassador to Algier, with whome I had A Very friendly Intimacy during Some time he Remaind here on his Return to Mequinez, I have Already handed Copy of those Letters to Mr Jay with My Motives for first Writing the Emperor, which he will Readily Shew you, which Should you find worth Attentions you will please Give Me Instructions if I Am to do Any thing farther in this Affair, which is No less Intresting than the freedom of Navigation for our flag in the Medeterranian1
Mr Crocco Mentioned by the Morocan Minister Writes Me from Tanger Where he Desires I May Advise him what Measures Are to be taken on this Subject to Which I Answer that I have Communicated the Emperors Letter to thier Exc’ies the Plenipos at Paris And Can Say Nothing farther till I here from them, but think he Ought to Compley with his Masters Orders if he is Commanded to Go to Paris2
I have the Honour to be With Very Sincere Respect / Dr Sir / Your Excells Most Obedt & Very H Servt
tMontgomery
RC and enclosures (Adams Papers); internal address: “His Excy the Honl John Adams Esqr.”
Montgomery enclosed a copy of his 4 Jan. letter to Moroccan Sultan Sidi Muhammad Ibn Abdallah, in which he claimed to have Congress’ authorization to propose treaty negotiations. He also enclosed a copy of the reply from the Moroccan secretary, Eliaho Leve, of 23 April (in Spanish with an English translation), in which Leve indicates that the sultan had accepted Montgomery's proposal and appointed Giacomo Francisco Crocco to negotiate a treaty. In fact, Montgomery had no authority, and in his reply of 18 June, JA wrote that “your Letter to the Emperor of Morocco has given me great Uneasiness. How you could venture to write such a Letter I cannot concieve, and what will be the consequence of it to yourself or the Public, I know not” (LbC, APM Reel 108). In a similar vein JA wrote to Robert R. Livingston on 12 July that “Mr. Montgomery ventured too far, however, in writing in the name of the United States, and what will be the consequences of the deception I know not” (Wharton, Dipl. Corr. Amer. Rev.
, 6:537–538). Congress, no more pleased with Montgomery than JA, resolved on 16 March 1784 that its ministers in Europe should “enquire on what grounds Mr. Montgomery has undertaken to write in the name of the United States, to the Emperor of Morocco, a letter by which their characters and interest may be so materially affected” (
JCC
, 26:144). Not until 1786 did the United States negotiate a treaty with Morocco, and then it was Thomas Barclay who did the negotiating (
AFC
, 7:27; Miller, Treaties
, 2:185–227).
Crocco wrote to Benjamin Franklin from Cadiz on 15 July and said that he was awaiting a message from Franklin on the opening of treaty negotiations, noting too that he had traveled there with the expectation that the United States would pay his expenses. On 25 Nov. he wrote Franklin again to say that he had not received an answer, that his expenses now amounted to $1,500, and that he feared his return to Morocco without a satisfactory explanation would “forever indispose” the sultan toward the United States (Wharton, Dipl. Corr. Amer. Rev.
, 6:549–550, 734).