Papers of John Adams, volume 14

To Robert R. Livingston, 14 April 1783 Adams, John Livingston, Robert R.

To Robert R. Livingston

Sir, Paris April 14th. 17831

You may easily imagine our Anxiety to hear from America, when You know that We have no News to this Hour, either of your Reception of the News of Peace, nor of that of the Treaty with Holland, four Copies of which I put on board four different Vessels at Amsterdam in October.

We have been in equal Uncertainty about the Turn, which Affairs might take in England. But by Letters from Mr. Laurens We expect him every day, and Mr. David Hartley with him, in order to compleat the definitive Treaty. It would have been more agreable to have finished with Mr. Oswald— But the present Ministry are so dissatisfied with what is past, as they say, though nobody believes them, that they chuse to change Hands.

It will be proposed, I believe, to make a temporary Arrangement of commercial Matters, as our Powers are not competent to a durable 407one, if to any.2 Congress will no doubt soon send a Minister with full Powers, as the Treaty of Commerce with Great Britain is of great Importance, and our Affairs in that Country require an Overseer.

It is confidently asserted in Letters from Holland, that Mr. Markow, the Minister Plenipotentiary from the Empress of Russia, has recieved from his Mistress a full Power to come to Paris to the Assistance of the Prince Baratinski at a Congress for a general Pacification.3 There is as yet no Answer recieved from the Emperor. If the two Imperial Courts accept of the Mediation, there will be a Congress— But I suppose it will relate chiefly to the Affairs of Holland, which are not yet arranged, and to the Liberty of Neutral Navigation, which is their principal Point. I wish Success to that Republick in this Negociation, which will help to compose their interiour Disorders, which are alarming. I know not whether it will be insisted or expected, that We should join in the Congress, nor do I know what We have to do in it, unless it should be to settle that Point as far as it relates to Us. There is nothing in difference between Us and Great Britain, which We cannot adjust ourselves, without any Mediation.

A Spring Passage to America is so great an Object, that I should be very sorry to have the Negociations spun out to such a Length, as to oblige me to lose it, and I take it for granted I shall now recieve the Acceptance of my Resignation by the first Ships.

I have the honor to be, / Sir, / your most obedient & / most humble Servant.

John Adams

RC in John Thaxter's hand (PCC, No. 84, IV, f. 355–357); internal address: “Secretary Livingston.” LbC (Adams Papers); APM Reel 108.

A notation on the Letterbook copy states “Paris 15th. April 1783— Delivered to Mr. George Mason of Virginia.”

Congress had resolved on 3 Dec. 1782 to authorize the American Peace Commissioners to negotiate commercial stipulations as part of an Anglo-American peace treaty ( JCC , 23:838). But the resolution likely did not reach the commissioners until at least 21 May (from Robert Morris, 19 Jan., descriptive note and note 2, above).

See C. W. F. Dumas’ letter of 3 April, and note 4, above.

From Robert R. Livingston, 14 April 1783 Livingston, Robert R. Adams, John

From Robert R. Livingston

No: 16. Duplicate Sir Philadelphia 14th: April 1783—

I received two days ago your favors of the 22d: and 23d: of January with the declarations for the cessation of Hostilities on which a 408doubt of much importance to the People of this Country is started— towit to know at what periods hostilities ceased on this Coast, that is what is meant by as far as the Canaries; if it means in the same Latitude, hostilities ceased here the third of March, and a great number of Vessel must be restored— if it does not mean a latitudinal Line, what does it mean? which carries any certainty with it?—1 The Terms of the provisional Treaty also occasion much Debate— a variety of questions have been started, but these I shall speak off in my Letter to you in conjunction with your Colleagues, that you may if opportunity should offer before the definitive Treaty is concluded find some means to rid them of their Ambiguity—2 It would give me pain to find that the Dutch do not attain their Objects in the close of the war, and still more to impute their misfortunes to any disertion of their Interests by France, since I confess freely to you, that her conduct as far as I have observed, it has appeared to me in the highest degree generous and disinterested— The extreme langour of the Dutch—their divisions,—and the less than nothing that they have done for themselves entitle them to little—without the uncommon exertions of France; They would not have had a single settlement left either in the East or West Indies, so that they lay absolutely at her mercy and therefore I was pleased to find their instructions to their Ministers so expressed as to leave no room to fear that they would obstruct the Peace, when they contributed so little to the prosecution of the War— But I rather pitied than blamed their Weakness, they were torn by Factions and cloged by an Executive, which strove to find Reasons for having no Execution—3

Congress the day before yesterday agreed to ratify the provisional Articles as such, and to release their Prisoners, in which the British took the lead—4 As the Tories have little reliance upon the Effect of the recommendations of Congress, great numbers of them have sailed and are daily sailing for Nova Scotia— With respect to your Salary I must pray you to settle with Doctor Franklin, the amount of the Bills drawn in your favor— you will with those that go by this conveyance receive the amount of three quarters Salary, computing the salary at two thousand, seven hundred and seventy seven & 68/90 Dollars per Quarter which were laid out in Bills at six shillings and three pence currency for 5 Livres which was a very advantageous Exchange to you— This however Congress have directed by the enclosed Resolution to be altered, and your Salaries to be paid in Bills at the rate of five Livres, five sous per Dollar, as this resolution retrospects you will have with the Bills transmitted you 5 409livres more than is due for three quarters salary— this will be deducted from the last quarter for which, I will get a warrant, and leave it with the Treasury here for you or your order—6 By settling this matter with Doctor Franklin and redrawing upon your Banker in Holland, you will leave my accounts unembarrassed, which is of consequence to me, as I determine to quit the place I now hold in the course of a few Weeks, and enjoy in retirement the pleasures of peace— I have charged no commissions upon these money Transactions, nor do I propose to charge any— Your account of contingent Expences is before a Committee— should Congress agree to accept your resignation (which I am sorry to see you offer since the connections you have formed, and the experience you have acquired might render you particularly serviceable in Holland) it will be best that you settle it with them yourself on your arrival—7 The want of permanent funds and the opposition which some States have given to every attempt to establish them, The demands of public Creditors, and particularly of the Army have excited much uneasiness here, satisfactory measures will I hope be adopted to calm it, and do ample justice— The army whose proceedings I transmit have done themselves honor by their conduct on this occasion, too much praise could not be given to the Commander in Chief for the share he had in this transaction, if he was not above all praise—8

I have the honor to be, Sir, / with very great Respect and Esteem / your most obedt humble servt.

Robt R Livingston

Dupl (MHi:John Adams, Embassy MSS); internal address: “The Honorable / John Adams—”; endorsed: “recd. 15. June 1783” and by John Thaxter: “No. 16 / Secy. Livingston / 14th. April 1783.” MS and enclosures (Adams Papers). Tripl (MHi:John Adams, Embassy MSS).

JA replied on 16 June and indicated to Livingston that, in fact, his interpretation was correct and that hostilities had ceased on 3 March (Wharton, Dipl. Corr. Amer. Rev. , 6:488–491).

See Livingston's 21 April letter to the commissioners, below.

In his letter of 16 June (Wharton, Dipl. Corr. Amer. Rev. , 6:488–491), JA conceded that the Dutch had not contributed as much to the war effort as they might have done, but he noted that by merely entering the war they had forced Britain to divert a significant number of naval vessels to watch the Dutch fleet. Regarding their failure to obtain a peace settlement with Britain, JA was less explicit, but his meaning was clear. He believed that the Dutch difficulties stemmed from their decision to rely on France to protect their interests in the peace negotiations and that the United States would have suffered the same fate if he and his colleagues had not violated their instructions and conducted the negotiations with Britain apart from France.

Livingston, in fact, is referring to the proclamation issued by Congress on 11 April ( JCC , 24:238–241), by which it declared a cessation of hostilities in accordance with the Anglo-American agreement of 20 Jan. (calendared), but see also JA's letter to Livingston of 22 Jan., both above. In effect, Congress’ action was a de facto ratification of the provisional treaty, but the actual or de jure ratification took place on 15 April ( JCC , 24:241–251).

410 5.

The amount, left blank in all three copies of this letter, should be 6,250₶, for which see Lewis R. Morris’ letter of 18 April, below, which likely accompanied Livingston's letter.

Livingston enclosed Congress’ resolution of 7 March setting down the means by which American diplomats or other agents in Europe would be paid ( JCC , 24:175–176). Livingston's account is accurate, but for more details see Lewis R. Morris’ letter of 18 April, below.

On 1 April Congress had considered, but not acted upon, JA's resignation. It had approved the return of Henry Laurens and Francis Dana, however, and copies of those resolutions were enclosed with this letter ( JCC , 24:225–227). For JA's resignation and Congress’ action thereon, see his 4 Dec. letter to Livingston and note 2, above. Livingston sent copies of the resolutions to Dana and Laurens in letters of 1 and 8 May, respectively (Wharton, Dipl. Corr. Amer. Rev. , 6:403–404, 410–411).

This enclosure is not in the Adams Papers and JA does not mention it in later letters, but it presumably included George Washington's 15 March address to the assembled officers of the Continental Army at Newburgh, New York, and the proceedings of the officers following it. Washington's action became necessary when elements of the officer corps became dissatisfied with Congress’ financial support of the army and, in particular, its failure to implement the promised half-pay pensions. The resulting anonymous Newburgh Addresses of 10 and 12 March demanded redress from Congress and threatened that the army would not disband at the war's conclusion if the officers’ demands were not met. Washington's emotional appeal to the officers’ patriotism and good sense diffused the situation and Congress, upon receiving news of the incident, took action to ameliorate the grievances regarding the pensions. For the addresses of 10 and 12 March, the proceedings on the 15th, and Congress’ response of the 22d, see JCC , 24:207–209, 294–299, 306–311.