Papers of John Adams, volume 14
1 February 1783]1
The Definitive Treaty of Peace and Friendship, between his Britannick Majesty, and the United States of America. concluded at
In the Name of the Most Holy and Undivided Trinity, Father, Son, and Holy Ghost. So be it.2
Be it known to all those to whom it shall, or may, in any manner belong.3
It has pleased the Most High to diffuse the Spirit of Union and Concord among the Nations, whose divisions had Spread Troubles in the four Parts of the World, and to inspire them with the Inclination to cause the Comforts of Peace to Succeed to the Misfortunes of a long and bloody War, which having arisen between Great Britain and the United States of America, in its Progress, communicated itself to France Spain and the United Netherlands: Consequently, the most Serene and most potent Prince, George the Third by the Grace of God, King of Great Britain, France and Ireland, Duke of Brunswick and Lunenbourg, Arch Treasurer and Elector, of the Holy Roman Empire.
4
Consequently, the United States of America, did on the Fifteenth Day of June in the Year of our Lord one Thousand Seven hundred and Eighty one, name and appoint their Ministers Plenipotentiairy and resolve ordain and grant, their Commission, in the following Words to wit
here insert the American Commission.
And his Sacred Majesty the King of Great Britain, did on the Twenty first day of September, in the twenty Second Year of his Reign, issue his Commission under the Great Seal of Great Britain to Richard Oswald Esqr in the Words following vizt.
here insert Mr Oswalds Commission.
And his Said Britannic Majesty on the one Part and the Said 228United States of America, on the other, did lay the Foundations of Peace in the Preliminaries, Signed at Paris on the Thirtieth of November last, by the Said Richard Oswald Esqr on the Part of his Said Majesty and by the Said John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, John Jay and Henry Laurens Esqrs, on the Part of the Said United States, in Virtue of their respective Full Powers aforesaid, and after having mutually Shewn to each other their Said Full Powers, in good Form and mutually exchanged Authenticated Copies of the Same.
And his Said Britannic Majesty did on the Twenty fourth day of July in the Year of our Lord one Thousand Seven hundred and Eighty two and in the twenty Second Year of his Reign, issue his Commission Signed with his Royal Hand and under the Great Seal of Great Britain to Alleyne Fitzherbert Esqr, in the following Words vizt.
here insert Mr Fitzherberts Commission.
And the Said Alleyne Fitzherbert, on the Part of his Said Britannic Majesty and John Adams and Benjamin Franklin in the necessary Absence of the Said John Jay & Henry Laurens, on the Part of the Said United States, did at Versailles on the Twentyeth Day of January last communicate to each other their Full Powers aforesaid in good Form, and Agree upon an Armistice in the Words following.
here insert the Declarations.
And now the Said Alleyne Fitzherbert Minister Plenipotentiary of his Said Britannic Majesty, in Behalf of his Said Majesty on the one Part and John Adams Benjamin Franklin, John Jay and Henry Laurens Ministers Plenipotentiary of the Said Unitated States of America, in Behalf of the Said States, on the other, having communicated to each other their aforesaid Full Powers in good Form, and mutually exchanged authenticated Copies of the Same, by Virtue thereof, have agreed and do hereby agree and conclude upon the Articles, the Tenor of which is as follows. vizt.
Art. 1. &c as in the Preliminary Articles.
To be added.
Art. 10. His Sacred Britannick Majesty, and the Said United States, promise to observe Sincerely and bonâ Fide, all the Articles contained and Settled in the present Treaty; and they will not Suffer the Same to be infringed, directly or indirectly, by their respective Subjects and Citizens5
229Art. 11. The Solemn Ratifications of the present Treaty, expedited in good and due Form, Shall be exchanged, in the City of London, or Philadelphia, between the High Contracting Parties in the Space of
In Witness whereof, We the Underwritten their Ministers Plenipotentiary have Signed with our Hands in their Name, and in Virtue of our full Powers, the present definitive Treaty, and have caused the Seals of our Arms to be put thereto. Done at
Dft (Adams Papers); endorsed: “first Sketch of a Definitive / Treaty. made Feb. 1. / 1783. / Shewn to M. M. F. & J. Feb 3. and approved / but Some Additions were proposed.”
This document is less a draft of a treaty than an effort to provide the formal legal apparatus common to peace treaties that was absent from the preliminary treaty signed on 30 Nov. 1782, above. Indeed, JA took his text almost verbatim from the 1763 Treaty of Paris between Britain and France that ended the Seven Years War. What alterations he did make owed largely to the fact that the peace of 1783 would be between a monarchy and a republic rather than two monarchies. On 2 Feb. JA wrote to Benjamin Franklin, below, and John Jay (private owner, 1964) and, as the descriptive note above indicates, the commissioners discussed the draft on the 3d.
There is no record of the commissioners’ discussions on 3 February. JA's draft, including two additional articles numbered consecutively with those of the preliminary treaty but otherwise without substantive alterations or additions, is significant, as it likely indicates that by early February the commissioners had concluded that further Anglo-American negotiations would not substantially alter the terms of the preliminary treaty. Certainly there is nothing to suggest that there was any disagreement between the commissioners and Alleyne Fitzherbert, the British minister, when they met at Fitzherbert's lodgings on 5 Feb. to confer “together upon the subject of the definitive treaty” (from Fitzherbert, 3 Feb., below). Nor does JA in his 6 Feb. letter to Thomas McKean, below, foresee any problems, believing that the “Business of Peace is done, in Substance, and will be compleated formally in the definitive Treaty in a few Days.” Any reservations JA and his colleagues may have had were probably due to the failure of the treaty to deal with commercial issues such as those contained in the proposed articles discussed by the commissioners between 10 and 13 Dec., above. Such concerns were likely a factor in JA's decision to write to the president of Congress on 5 Feb., below, to criticize Congress’ shortsighted revocation of his power to negotiate an Anglo-American commercial treaty, which left the commissioners unable to deal adequately with commercial issues.
Neither JA nor his colleagues considered the fragility of the Shelburne ministry and the fact that the preliminary treaty had not yet been presented to Parliament. On 17 Feb. debates began in the House of Commons and one week later Shelburne resigned. Not until April did the Fox-North coalition assume power, and it was only at the end of April that David Hartley, the new British negotiator, arrived at Paris to renew discussions of the definitive treaty. In the end, nearly five months of negotiations resulted, on 3 Sept., in a treaty composed of the nine preliminary articles already approved, to which was added a preamble incorporating much of the language given here and one additional article, also derived from this draft (Miller, Treaties
, 2:151–156).
In the definitive treaty the canceled words were restored, but “Father, Son, and Holy Ghost. So be it” were deleted.
In the definitive treaty the text from this point to the first article is substantially different largely because of the decision not to include, as JA apparently intended, the full text of the commissions and declarations.
Although deleted here, the formula was restored in the definitive treaty.
Except for the reference to the United States, this is a virtually verbatim rendering of Art. 26 of the 1763 Treaty of Paris, but it was not included in the definitive treaty.
Except for the references to London and Philadelphia, this article is a verbatim rendering of Art. 27 of the 1763 Treaty of Paris. It also, with the addition of the following paragraph, became Art. 10 of the definitive treaty and constituted the only significant difference between the preliminary and definitive treaties.
Except for changes reflecting the circumstances of 1783, this paragraph is taken verbatim from the 1763 Treaty of Paris. There, as here, it appeared as a separate element following the treaty's final article, but in the definitive treaty it was incorporated into Art. 10.