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Letter from Alexander Hamilton to Theodore Sedgwick, 10 July 1804
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Alexander Hamilton's Last Letter
Alexander Hamilton's 10 July 1804 letter to Theodore Sedgwick of Stockbridge, Mass., is perhaps more notable for what it does not contain, rather than what it does. Writing only hours before he met Aaron Burr on the dueling grounds in Weehawken, New Jersey, Hamilton never mentions his deadly assignation to Sedgwick, nor suggests in any way that this could be his final letter. Instead, Hamilton briefly informs Sedgwick, a fellow Federalist and Massachusetts judge, of his distaste for politics and his negative views of current talk regarding the secession of the New England states and democracy in general. Hamilton writes: "... our real Disease ... is Democracy, the poison of which by a subdivision will only be the more concentrated in each part, and consequently the more virulent."
The Duel
In one of the most famous duels in United States history, Alexander Hamilton met Aaron Burr in Weehawken on 11 July 1804. Both men were Revolutionary War veterans who held lofty positions within the new American government (Hamilton was a former secretary of the treasury and Burr then was the vice president of the United States), but their longstanding political differences and animosities would result in Hamilton's death and Burr's political ruin. Although public relations between Hamilton and Burr had appeared cordial, for many years Hamilton had worked behind the scenes to damage Burr's political career. During the course of Burr's unsuccessful campaign for the governorship of New York in 1804, published letters appeared, in which comments attributed to Hamilton portrayed Burr as a "dangerous man, who ought not to be trusted with the reins of government." The anonymous letters also alluded to Hamilton's even "more despicable opinion" of Burr. Burr was soundly defeated in the election, and believed that Hamilton was part of the reason for his loss.
Following his defeat, Burr began a war of words over the apparent affront to his honor by Hamilton. The protagonists and their seconds were unable to reach an acceptable compromise, and the place and time for the duel was set. Accounts vary as to exactly what happened-whether Hamilton fired straight up or errantly-yet the result was plain: Burr shot Hamilton in the abdomen, while he remained unscathed. Hamilton died the next day at his home in New York. Burr first fled South to avoid prosecution for murder but eventually returned to Washington to complete his term as vice president. Burr later was tried for treason for his part in what is known as the Burr Conspiracy, an attempt gain control of part of the Louisiana Purchase and secede from the United States. He was acquitted and finally returned to New York in 1812, where he succeeded in having the murder charges against him dropped and practiced law until his death in 1836.
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chernow, Ron. Alexander Hamilton. New York: Penguin Press, 2004.
Fleming, Thomas. Duel : Alexander Hamilton, Aaron Burr, and the future of America. New York, N.Y.: Basic Books, 1999.
Holland, Barbara. Gentlemen's blood: a history of dueling from swords at dawn to pistols at dusk. New York: Bloomsbury, 2003.
Rogow, Arnold A. A fatal friendship: Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr. New York: Hill and Wang, 1998.
On the web:
PBS's The American Experience: The Duel.
The Library of Congress's American Memory; Today in History, July 11.