Paul Revere has been credited as the designer and engraver of the Massachusetts Pine Tree penny based upon stylistic similarities with a unique "Janus Head" half penny that was discovered with engravings and proofs of Revere's continental currency notes, as well as by comparison of lettering details on the coins with Revere's engraved 1775-1776 currency and securities printing plates. Additional confirmation is in the evidence that the die for the reverse of the penny sank during production--the result of Revere's inexperience as a die-maker.

Revere's design for the Pine Tree penny borrowed symbols from local and classical sources. The pine tree alludes both to the Sons of Liberty flag of the Revolutionary era and to earlier Massachusetts pine tree coins. The goddess of Liberty, freely adapted from the Britannia of English coins, holds aloft the Pileus cap, a symbol since Roman times of freedom from slavery. The animal at Liberty's feet is a watchdog--a symbol of vigilance. All of these elements create such an attractive coin that several copies have been made of it. None is from a cast of the actual coin, and all have translated Revere's error--the shift in the coin's reverse plane where the die sank--as a raised line around seated Liberty. Most copies also have replicated a mistake made by William Sumner Appleton that was repeated in Sylvester Crosby's monumental The Early Coins of America.

A cent or a penny?

After Boston numismatist William Sumner Appleton acquired this coin in 1863, he researched it for a paper he presented to the Massachusetts Historical Society in 1870, pairing it with a unique half penny (the "Janus Head") and theorizing that they were patterns for 1776 Massachusetts copper coins. While there is no mention of a proposal to mint copper coins in the Acts and Resolves of Massachusetts from 1775 through 1778, Appleton believed that the existence of 1776 New Hampshire copper coins made it a viable assumption that Massachusetts might also have planned to mint coins at that time.

Appleton's description of the penny in the Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society contained one major error, however, and it is this error that defines many of the copies of this coin. Mindful that the United States officially coined cents and not pennies, Appleton took the legend flanking the trunk of the pine tree on the obverse to be "1C LM" (for 1 cent Lawful Money)--instead of its actual reading, "1d LM," the British symbol for a penny. If you find a copy of the Pine Tree penny, examine it closely to see if it repeats this logical mistake.